The Gender of the Apologiser as a Social Factor in the Selection of Apology Strategies: A Socio-pragmatic Study

Sahar Wathiq; Muslih Shwaysh

doi:10.31973/aj.v2i145.4182

المؤلفون

Sahar Wathiq The Department of English/College of Education for Humanities-University of Anbar
Muslih Shwaysh Al-Maarif University College

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i145.4182

الكلمات المفتاحية:

Apology strategy، Gender، Oral DCT

الملخص

"Politeness" is a culturally defined pattern of language use that enables the speaker to formulate appropriate speech acts like an apology. The speech act of apology is a part of pragmatics study and belongs to expressive speech acts. However, it cannot be separated from sociolinguistics because social factors such as social context, gender, and the participants' relationship can all have an impact on how apologizers make their apologies. The selection of the appropriate formulas of apology strategies to pay off violations of social norms is considered a hard task since it is based on some cultural and social norms. Thus, the present study aims to study the apology strategies used by Iraqi male/female postgraduate students at the University of Anbar, in addition to investigating the effect of gender on the use of polite apology strategies. An oral Discourse Completion Task was used as a data collection instrument, supported by a semi-structured interview. The data has been analysed using the descriptive analysis method, based on Leech’s (2014) classification of apology. The findings revealed that "expressing regret" was the most frequently used apology strategy. Furthermore, both genders used different indirect strategies to support their apologies. Both genders used a new supporting move, which is "admitting responsibility for in-group member’s fault." In conclusion, the gender of the participants has a slight effect on the choice of polite apology strategies. Moreover, social status and age were the most effective social factors as compared to the others.

التنزيلات

تنزيل البيانات ليس متاحًا بعد.

السير الشخصية للمؤلفين

Sahar Wathiq، The Department of English/College of Education for Humanities-University of Anbar

Graduate student
Muslih Shwaysh، Al-Maarif University College

Research supervisor

المراجع

Aboud, F. (2019). Apology Strategies among EFL Postgraduate Learners. Folklor/edebiyat, cilt:25, 97-1.

Abu Humeid, A. M. A.(2013).The Effect of Gender and Status on the Apology Strategies Used by American Native Speakers of English and Iraqi EFL University Students. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences. Vol.3, No.2, 2013

Ahmed, A. H. ( 2017). The Pragmatics of Apology Speech Act Behaviour in Iraqi Arabic and English. De Montfort University-UK

Al Ali, S. A. ( 2012). A Cross-Cultural Study of The Speech Act of Apology by Saudi And Australian Females. The University Of Melbourne.

Al-Duleimi H. Y., Rashid, S. M. , Abdullah, A. N. (2016). A Critical Review of Prominent Theories of Politeness. Advances in Language and Literary Studies. Vol. 7 No. 6.

Al-Heety, Y. S. H. (2021). Synonymy as a Cohesive Device in Students' English Essay Writing. MA thesis. University of Anbar, College of Education for Humanities. P:79.

Al-Rawafi, A. Sudana, D. Lukmana, I and Syihabuddin (2021). Students’ apologizing in Arabic and English: An interlanguage pragmatic case study at an Islamic boarding school in Indonesia. Indonesian journal of applied linguistics. Vol. 10 No. 3, pp. 589-602

Al-Sallal1, R. E. and Ahmed, M. O. (2020). Gender Differences in Using Apology Strategies in Jordanian Spoken Arabic. International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol.10, No.6

Al-Sobh, M. A. (2013). An analysis of apology as a politeness strategy expressed by Jordanian university students. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(2), 150-154.

Alsulayyi, M. N. (2017) Contrastive Study of the Use of Apology Strategies by Saudi EFLTeachers and British Native Speakers of English: A Pragmatic Approach. International Journal of English Linguistics; Vol. 7, No. 1

Altakhaineh, A. R. M., & Rahrouh, H. N. (2015). The use of euphemistic expressions by Arab EFL learners: Evidence from Al Ain University of Science and Technology. International Journal of English Linguistics, 5(1), 14-21.

Austin, T. (1998) Cross-cultural Pragmatics-Building in Analysis of Communication across Cultures and Languages: Examples from Japanese. Foreign Language Annual Prints, 31(3), 326-346.

Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language usage (Vol. 4). Cambridge university press.

Crystal, D. (2008)A Dictionary Of Linguistics And Phonetics. 6th (Edn). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Singapore

Deutschmann, M. (2003). Apologizing in British English. Umeå: Umeå Universitet.

Fraser, B. (1981). On apologizing. In Coulmas, F. (1981a). Conversational Routine. DX-pPlo rations in StandardizedC ommunicationS ituations and Prepatterned Speech. The Hague: Mouton de Gruyter. 259-271.

Harb, M. A.(2016). On Gender And Apology Strategies: The Case of Arabic. University. Ave, Muncie, In 47306, Indiana, USA

Hassan, F. A. (2014). Apology Strategies in Central Kurdish with Reference to English: An Empirical Study in Socio-Pragmatics. PhD thesis, Wales Bangor, UK

Holmes, J. (1989). Sex Differences in Apologies: One Aspect of Communicative Competence. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/30996973

Holmes, J. (1992). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Longman Group Ltd.

Holmes, J. (1995). Women, men and politeness. Harlow, UK: Longman.

Horn, L. R., and Ward, G. (2004). The Handbook of Pragmatics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Publishing

Hudson, Richard A. (1996). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hussein, R.F. and Hammouri, M.T. (1998) Strategies of apology in Jordanian Arabic and American English. Grazer Linguistische Studien, (49), pp. 37-50.

Kasper, G. (1997b). The role of pragmatics in language teaching education. InK. Bardovi-Harlig & B. A. S. Hartford (Eds.), Beyond Methods: Components of Second Language Teacher Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Kharboot, H. A. H. & Nima B. ( 2020). A Socio-pragmatic Study of Compliments and Compliment Responses in American and British Sitcoms.

Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman's place. Language in society, 2(01), 45-79

Leech, G. (1983). Principles of pragmatics. London: Longman.

Leech, G. (2005). Politeness: is there an East-West divide. Journal of Foreign Languages, 6(3).

Leech, G. (2014). The pragmatics of Politeness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Liberty ”(A Sociopragmatics Approach). Faculty of letters and fine arts, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta.

Manurung, R. T. (2010). Model Gaya Bertutur Penghuni di Apartemen Bersubsidi :Suatu kajian Sosiopragmatik “Alih Kode.” Sosioteknologi, 20, 923–933

Mao, L. R. (1994). Beyond politeness theory:„Face‟revisited and renewed. Journal of pragmatics, 21(5), 451-486

Mey, J. L. (2001).Pragmatics, An Introduction. 2nd Edn. Blackwell Publishing.

Mills, S. (2003). Gender and politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Muhammed, H. I. (2006). The Influence of Some Social Variables on the Choice of Apology Strategies by Sudanese Learners of English. PhD thesis. University of Khartoum

Mujiono, M. (2020). Sociopragmatics Analysis of Politeness Strategy of the Main Character's Dialogues of Tinker Bell in Secret of the Wings Movie. Indonesian Journal of EFL and Linguistics . Vol. 5 No. 2.

Nureddeen, F. (2008). "Cross Cultural Pragmatics: Apology Strategies in Sudanese Arabic." Journal of Pragmatics, 40(2), 279-306

Nurjamily, W. O. (2015). Kesantunan Berbahasa Indonesia Dalam Lingkungan Keluarga (Kajian Sosiopragmatik). Jurnal Humanika, 3(15).

Qari, I. (2019) Politeness Study of Requests and Apologies as Produced By Saudi Hijazi, EFL Learners, and British English University Students. PhD theses. King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia

Searle, J. (1969). Speech Acts: An Essay In The Philosophy Of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Soesilowati, R. (2009). An Analysis of Apology as A politeness Strategy Expressed by The Characters in The Film Entitled “ Chasing

Thijittang, S. (2010). A Study of Pragmatic Strategies of English of Thai University Students: Apology Speech Acts. University of Tasmania. PhD thesis.

Verschueren, J. (2000). Notes on the Role of Metapragmatic Awareness in Language Use. International Pragmatics Association Journal, 10(4), 439-456. DOI: 10.1075/prag.10.4.02ver

Wardhaugh, R. (2006). An Introduction to sociolinguistic. 5th Edn. Australia: Blackwell publishing.

Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. New York: Oxford University Press.