Psychological entitlement and its relationship to Personal Striving among educational counselors
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i138.1713Keywords:
psychological entitlement, personal struggle, educational guideAbstract
When an individual believes that he deserves more than others in his surroundings, this belief will make him focus on his needs only and will reflect negatively in his dealings and his relationship with others through conflicts and divisions in his own environment, unless this belief is related to factors, performance or skills that push him towards (merit) which is considered the other side of the deserves, if this is found with the personal struggle that is positively linked with many positive psychological variables, then the performance and sense of the individual will be the pinnacle of positivity, and the individuals who have a personal struggle, perseverance, and clear achievement goals will have more prestige and moral value than others. If the research sample is represented by educational counselors who are an important part of the education system and a mainstay are not characterized by psychological merit, and who enjoy the high personal struggle, this will help build future generations. The success of an educational counselor in his work depends to a large extent on the extent of his personal struggle. If his struggle was high, his activity, perseverance, and achievement would be higher, and on the contrary, his activity would decrease. The current research aims to define psychological entitlement and its relationship to personal struggle among educational counselors and to know the correlation between them according to the gender variable (male and female counselors). In order to achieve the objectives of the current research, a scale of psychological merit and a scale of personal struggle were constructed, and indicators of validity, reliability, and discriminatory power were extracted. The two scales were applied to a sample of (200) male and female educational counselors from the Second Rusafa Education Directorate in Baghdad governorate, and after processing the data statistically, the research reached a set of results, including that the research sample did not enjoy psychological entitlement, and there were no statistically significant differences between male and female counselors in that. Although the sample being distinguished by personal struggle and in all its fields, there are no statistically significant differences between male and female educational counselors in this regard, and there is no correlation between the two variables. The researcher reached a set of recommendations, including preparing training and guidance programs that help improve and develop the personal struggle. The researcher proposes to conduct a study on the psychological entitlement and personal struggle of educational institution directors.
Downloads
References
Anastasia, Amen, (1988), Psychological testing, New York the MacMillan Company.
Anderson, D., Halberstadt, J., & Aitken, R. (2013). Entitlement Attitudes Predict Students' Poor Performance in Challenging Academic Conditions. International Journal of Higher Education, 2(2), 151-158.
Campbell, W. K, & Buffardi, W. K., Bonacci, A. M., Shelton, J., Exline, J. J., & Bushman, B. J. (2004). Psychological entitlement: Interpersonal consequences and validation of a self-report measure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 83(1), 29-45.
Cox, W. M., & Klinger, E. (Eds.). (2004). Handbook of motivational counseling: Concepts, approaches, and assessment. John Wiley & Sons.
Ebel, R. L. (1972). Essentials of Education Measurement, New Jersey, Prentic Hall.
Emmons, R. A (1991) personal striving, daily life events, and Psychological and physica well-being, journal of personality, Vol (59).
Emmons, R. A. (1986). Personal strivings: An approach to personality and subjective well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(5), 1058-1068. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.51.5.1058.
Emmons, R. A. (2003). The psychology of ultimate concerns: Motivation and spirituality in personality. New York: Guilford Press
Freeman, F. S. (1962). Theory and prentice of psychological testing, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.
Harvey, P., & Harris, K. J. (2010). Frustration-based outcomes of entitlement and the influence of supervisor communication. Human Relations, 63(11), 1639-1660.
Hogue, M., Yoder, J. D., & Singleton, S. B. (2007). The gender wage gap: An explanation of men’s elevated wage entitlement. Sex Roles, 56(9-10), 573-579.
Johnson, J. M., & Ng, E. S. (2015). Money Talks or Millennials Walk: The Effect of Compensation on Nonprofit Millennial Workers Sector-Switching Intentions. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 1, 23.
Karoly, P. (1993). Goal systems: An organizing framework for clinical assessment and treatment planning. Psychological Assessment, 5(3).
Klimchak, M., Carsten, M., Morrell, D., & MacKenzie Jr, W. I. (2016). Employee entitlement and proactive work behaviors: The moderating effects of narcissism and organizational identification. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051816636790
Ledoux, J.E. (1995). Emotion: Clues from the brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 46.
Lessard, J., Greenberger, E., Chen, C., & Farruggia, S. (2011). Are youths’ feelings of entitlement always “bad”? Evidence for a distinction between exploitive and non-exploitive dimensions of entitlement. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 521-529.
Meyer, W. S. (1991). A case of restricted entitlement. Clinical Social Work Journal, 19(3), 223-235.
Moffitt, K. H., & Singer, J. A. (1994). Continuity in the life story: Self-defining memories, affect, and approach/avoidance personal strivings. Journal of Personality, 62.
Neville, L., & Fisk, G. M. (2018). Getting to excess: Psychological entitlement and negotiation attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 34(4), 555-574.
Pervin, L. A. (2003). The science of personality. Oxford university press.
Reeve, J., & Halusic, M. (2009). How K-12 teachers can put self-determination theory principles into practice.
Russell, D. C. (2013). Virtue ethics, happiness, and the good life. In D. C. Russell (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to virtue ethics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CCO9780511734786.002 .
Sheldon, K. M, K. M., & Kasser, T. (2008). Psychological threat and extrinsic goal striving. Motivation and Emotion, 32(1).
Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (2001). Getting older, getting better? Personal strivings and 25- psychological maturation across life span. Developmental Psychology,
Sheldon, K. M., Emmons, R. A. (1995). Comparing differentiation and integration within personal goal systems, person, in divide, Diff, Vol. 18.
Stang, D.J. & Wrightsman, L.S. (1982). A dictionary of social behavior and social research methods, Monterey.
Thomason, S., Etling, C., Brownlee, A., & Charles, T. (2015). Psychological entitlement and conscientiousness as predictors of socially responsible workplace decisions. Small Business Institute Journal, 11(2), 1-15.
Tomlinson, E. C. (2013). An integrative model of entitlement beliefs. Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal, 25(2), 67-87.
Zemojtel-Piotrowska, M., Piotrowski, J., & Clinton, A. (2015). Materialism, subjective well-being and psychological entitlement: Interplay between materialism and social functioning. Ceskoslovenska Psychologie. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/276120509
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.