Blood and animal rituals in Mesopotamia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i135.929Keywords:
Mesopotamia - blood - rituals, mESOPOTAMIA, Blood, RitualsAbstract
The Mesopotamian civilization was distinguished by several features, among which were the existence of civilization and the beginning of religious cultures, which played an important role in the development of agricultural villages and populations and the emergence of major cities in them. Because of the environmental changes and the presence of natural forces that led him to worship it and avoided its anger resulting from torrential rains, floods, and strong winds, etc., which necessitated the population to offer sacrifices and offerings to the gods, and whenever the progress was many and large, then God would be satisfied with him, and from here the residents of Mesopotamia found that it is better The sacrifices are sacrificed for animal slaughter. Blood flow is evidence of the flow of life, as blood is the symbol of life and eternity. The rituals of Mesopotamia have gone through several stages, and with various events changed by the political, economic and environmental conditions, and many different rituals have arisen, in which the residents of Mesopotamia were able to express their religious, political and economic status, And researchers and specialists in archeology were able to study the religious side and the gods on the one hand, the political conditions, the system of government, the king, and the mandate of the covenant on the other side through the ages of Mesopotamia. And they tried the residents of Mesopotamia to use some rituals and insert them into myths and stories, which showed to the citizen in that era that the goal of sacrifices offered by him is part of his existence in this life, but that some rituals are very important in his death, so he or his family must provide sacrifices and sacrifices to the gods so that Settle for them.
Downloads
References
Al-Ahmad, S, (2013)Religious beliefs in ancient Iraq, Academic Research Center, Beirut.
Al-Ahmad, S., (1985) "Management and rule system ", Encyclopedia of Iraq Civilization, Part 2, Baghdad.
Al-aswad, H.,( 2011)Akito, Babylonian and Assyrian New Year's Day, Erbil.
Al-Bayati, A.,( 2011)History of The Ancient Iraqi Art, Babel.
Al-Douri, R., (2014)"The Alternative King in the Ancient Civilization of Iraq", Sumer, Vol. 60.
Al-Hashemi, R.,( 1938) "The Priestly system in Ancient Iraq", Al-Adab Magazine, Vol. 1, No. 14.
Al-Hassouni, N.,( 2019) Concepts of Monotheism in the Ancient Iraqi Religion, Lebanon.
Ali, A.,( 1985) "Man of the Caves and Stone material", Iraq Civilization, Part 1, Baghdad.
Ali, F.,( 1985) "Holidays and Celebrations", Encyclopedia of Iraq Civilization, Part 1, Baghdad.
Ali, F.,(1991),” Religious Beliefs”, Mosul Civilization Encyclopedia, Volume 1, Mosul.
Al-Jader, W., (1985)"The Carving", Encyclopedia of Iraq Civilization, Part 4, Baghdad.
Al-Juburi, A.,( 1991) “The Rule System,” Mosul Civilization Encyclopedia, Vol.1, Mosul.
Al-Mitwalli, N.,( 2007) An Introduction to the Study of the Economic Life of Ur III in the text of cuneiform documents (published and unpublished), Baghdad.
Al-Nuaimi, R.,( 1998-1999) "Babylonian New Year's Celebrations", Sumer, Vol. 46.
AL-Rawy, Sh.,( 2001) Religious Rituals in Mesopotamia until the end of the modern Babylonian period, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Department of Archeology.
Al-Saadi, H., (2015)Religious Positions in Mesopotamia, Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Department of Archeology.
Al-Sheikhly, A.,( 1990)The Brief of the History of Ancient Iraq, Baghdad,
Aruz,J.,& Wallenfels,R.( 2003),Art of The First Cities,New Haven.
Aruz,J.,& Wallenfels,R.( 2003),Art of The First Cities,New Haven.
Ayad, M., (1986-1987) History of Religious Beliefs and Thoughts, Part 1, translation: Abdul Hadi Abbas, Damascus.
Baqer, T,(1986) Introduction to the History of Civilizations, Part 1, Baghdad.
Baqer, T.,(2010) Introduction to ancient Iraq literature, Al Warraq Publishing house, Baghdad.
Barner. G.,( 1993) The Religious Beliefs of Nations, Translate by : Imam Abdul Fattah Imam, Kuwait.
Bayliss,M., (1973),” The Cult of Dead Kin in Assyria and Babylonia”, Iraq, London.
Bayliss,M., (1973),” The Cult of Dead Kin in Assyria and Babylonia”, Iraq, London.
Black,J.,& Green,A.,( 1998) Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, London.
Black,J.,& Green,A.,( 1998) Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia, London.
Böck , B.,(2003)" When You Perform the Ritual of Rubbing : On Medicine and Magic in Ancient Mesopotamia ", JNES , Vol.62 , No.1,Chicago.
Böck , B.,(2003)" When You Perform the Ritual of Rubbing : On Medicine and Magic in Ancient Mesopotamia ", JNES , Vol.62 , No.1,Chicago.
Borger, R.,( 1981) Assyrisch – Babylonische Zeichenliste , (AbZ), Germany.
Borger, R.,( 1981) Assyrisch – Babylonische Zeichenliste , (AbZ), Germany.
Botero, J.,( 1990)Mesopotamia Writing - Thoughts - Gods, translated by: Albert Abona, Baghdad.
Ebeling,E.,&Meissner,B., (1938),Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA-2) ,Berlin.
Ebeling,E.,&Meissner,B., (1938),Reallexikon der Assyriologie (RIA-2) ,Berlin.
Frankfort,H.,( 1977),The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London.
Frankfort,H.,( 1977),The Art and Architecture of the Ancient Orient, London.
Gelb,I.J.,& Others,( 1956) The Assyrian Dictinory the oriental institute of University of chcago (CAD),Chicago.
Gelb,I.J.,& Others,( 1956) The Assyrian Dictinory the oriental institute of University of chcago (CAD),Chicago.
Hanoun, N.,( 1986) Post-Death Doctrines in the Ancient Civilization of Mesopotamia, Baghdad.
Hussein, A.,( 2009) Architecture of Palaces in Mesopotamia until the end of the ancient Babylonian period, unpublished Master Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Department of Archeology.
Hussein, I.,( 2009) “Funerary Rituals in Mesopotamia during the Third Millennium B.C.”, Al-Qadisiyah Journal in Literature and Educational Sciences, Volume 8, No. 4.
Ibn Manzoor, M.,( 1956) The Language of Arabs, twelfth volume, Dar Beirut, Beirut.
Ibrahim, H., (2017). Mundane Rituals in Mesopotamia - a Cultural study -, Unpublished PhD Dissertation Submitted to University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Department of Archeology.
Jastrow , M.,(1898 ),”The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria " , Handbooks on the History of Religions , Vol. II, Boston.
Jastrow, M., (1898),” The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria ", Handbooks on the History of Religions , Vol. II, Boston.
Labat,R.,( 1995) Manual D' Épigraphie Akkadienne (MDA),Paris.
Labat,R.,( 1995) Manual D' Épigraphie Akkadienne (MDA),Paris.
Maalouf, L.,( 1960) Upholstered in Language, Literature and Science, 19th Edition, Beirut.
Maeda,T.,( 1979),” On the Agricultural Festivals in Sumer “,ASJ-1,Japan.
Maeda,T.,( 1979),” On the Agricultural Festivals in Sumer “,ASJ-1,Japan.
Oppenheim , L. ,( 1964 ), Ancient Mesopotamia Portrait of A Dead Civilization ,Chicago and London.
Oppenheim , L. ,( 1964 ), Ancient Mesopotamia Portrait of A Dead Civilization ,Chicago and London.
Rashid, F., (1985)"Religion", Encyclopedia of Iraq Civilization, Part 1, Baghdad.
Rashid, S.,( 1969) History of Art in Ancient Iraq / The Art of Cylinder Seals, Part 1, Beirut.
Reda, A.,( 1958) lexicon of Language , Vol. 2, Dar Al-Hayat Library, Beirut.
Sacks, H., (2000)The Daily Life in Ancient Iraq (Babel and Assyria), translated by: Kazem Saad El-Din, Dar Al-Mamoun, Baghdad.
Sacks, H., (2011)The Greatness of Babylon, translated by: Khaled Asaad Spano, Ahmed Ghassan Spano, Raslan Foundation, Damascus.
Sacks, H.,) 1999) Assyria strength, Translation: Amer Suleiman, Academic Complex, Baghdad.
Schramm ,W.,(2003),Akkadische Logogramme, (GAAL-4), Gottingen.
Schramm ,W.,(2003),Akkadische Logogramme, (GAAL-4), Gottingen.
Von sodden,W.,( 1955) Akkadisches Handwörterbuch,(AHw),Wiesbaden.
Von sodden,W.,( 1955) Akkadisches Handwörterbuch,(AHw),Wiesbaden.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.