The Economic Activity of The Khazar Kingdom During the First Abbasid Era
(132-232A.H/749-847A.D)
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i137.1646Keywords:
The Khazar Kingdom, The Abbasid Era, Economic ActivityAbstract
The Arab Islamic State witnessed During the first Abbasid era a great economic activity, including commercial activity. The commercial caravans coming from the East and the West arrived in Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid state, loaded with various types of goods that were popular with people, and from the relations with which the Abbasid state had ties with the Kingdom of the Khazars, and they From one of the Turk tribes, who were pagan before their conversion to Judaism by embracing the Khazars of this religion, the relations between the Abbasid state and the Kingdom of the Khazars were characterized by attraction and conflicts, and these faltering relations are not new, but go back to the eras of the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates. It was ambiguous, and the historical sources did not directly mention the existence of industrial activity in this kingdom, and references to agricultural activity were very limited. The commercial sector occupied the largest place in the historical sources' references to the arrival of commercial caravans from the neighboring provinces to the city of Atl, the capital of the Khazar Kingdom, and the settlement of a portion of Muslim merchants there, as well as the references to the markets in them, and references to the tithe tax that the Khakan Khazar imposed on these commercial caravans. Pass within the borders of his kingdom.
Downloads
References
Alastakhri, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Muhammad (died346AH/957AD). Pathways and Kingdoms, Beirut, Dar Sader, 2004AD.
Al-Bakri, Abu Abdullah bin Abdul Aziz bin Muhammad Al-Andalusi (died487AH/1094AD). Paths and Kingdoms, w.p, Dar al-Gharb al-Islami, 1992AD.
Al-Baladhuri, Ahmed bin Yahya bin Jaber (died279AH/892AD). Fotouh Al-Buldan, Cairo, Al-Mawsooat Press, 1319AH/1901AD.
Al-Dhahabi, Muhammad bin Ahmed bin Othman (died748AH/1347AD). History of Islam and the Classes of Celebrities, Cairo, 1368AH.
Al-Dinori, Abu Hanifa Ahmed bin Dawood (died282AH/895AD). Al-Akhbar Al-Tawwal, investigated by: Abdel Moneim Amer, revised by: Dr. Jamal Al-Din Al-Shayal, Baghdad, Al- Muthanna Library (1379AH/1959AD)
Al-Khatib Al-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr Ahmed bin Ali bin Thabit (died463AH/1071AD). History of Baghdad, investigation by: Dr.Bashar Awad Maarouf, ed.1, Beirut, Dar Al-Gharb Al-Islami, 1422AH/2002AD.
Al-Masoudi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali bin Al-Hassan bin Ali (died346AH/957AD). Al-Tanbah and Supervision, Correction: Abdullah Ismail Al-Sawy, Cairo, Dar Al-Sawy, w.d.
Al-Masoudi, Abu Al-Hassan Ali bin Al-Hassan bin Ali (died346AH/957AD). Promoter of gold and minerals of the essence, investigation: Muhammad Muhyi Al-Din Abdul Hamid, w.p, 1386AH/1966AD.
Al-Sharif Al-Idrisim Muhammad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah bin Idris Al-Hasani (died560AH/1165AD). Nuzha Al-Mushtaq in piercing the horizons, ed.1, Beirut, Alam Al-Kutub, 1409AH
Al-Tabari, Abu Jaafar Muhammad ibn Jarir (died310AH/922AD). The History of the Messengers and Kings, investigated by: Muhammad Abu Al-Fadl Ibrahim, ed.2, Beirut, Dar Al-Turath, 1387AH.
Al-Tutili, Benjamin (died569AH/1174AD). The Journey of Benjamin Al-Tutili, ed.1, Abu Dhabi, the Cultural Complex, 2002AD.
Al-Yaqubi, Ahmed bin Abi Yaqoub, Ishaq bin Jaafar bin Wahb bin Wahid (died292AH/904AD). Al-Buldan, ed. 1, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1422AH.
Al-Yaqubi, Ahmed bin Abi Yaqoub, Ishaq bin Jaafar bin Wahb bin Wahid (died292AH/904AD). History, Beirut, Dar Sader, w.d.
Amin, Salah Al-Din Taha. Settlement of Arab tribes in Armenia (30-247AH), Al-Khaleej Al Arabi Magazine, Riyadh, Issue 20, 1407AH/1986AD.
Astarjian. K. History of the Armenian Nation, Mosul, New Union Press, 1951AD.
Boissonada P. Life and work in Medieval Europe, Lodon,1937,P.53.
Durant W. The story of civilization, the age of Faith A History of Medieval civilization; chritian, Islamic and Judaic from Constantine to Dante AD, New York,1950.
Grayzal S. A History of the Jews. From the Babglonian exile to the end of the world war, Philadelphia,1948.
Heyd W. Histoire du commerce du Levant au moyen age, Leipzig,1923.
Ibn Al-Wardi, Siraj Al-Din Abu Hafs Omar Ibn Al-Muzaffar Al-Bakri (died852AH/1448AD). Kharidat Al-Ajaaib and Faridat Al-Gharaab, Edited by: Anwar Mahmoud Zanati, vol 1, Cairo, Islamic Culture Library, 1428AH/2008AD.
Ibn Asaker, Abu Al-Qasim Ali ibn Ai-Hasan ibn Hibatullah (died571AH/1175AD). History of Damascus, edited by: Dr. Amr bin Thamim Al-Maamouri, w.p, Dar Al-Fikr for printing, publishing and distribution, 1415AH/1995AD.
Ibn Hawqal, Abu Al-Qasim Muhammad bin Hawqal Al-Baghdadi (died367AH/977AD). Image of the Earth, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1938AD.
Ibn Khayat, Khalifa bin Khayat (died240AH/854AD). The History of Khalifa bin Khayat, Edited by: Akram Dhiaa Al-Omari, Najaf, Al-Adab Press, 1386AH/1967AD.
Ibn Khirdathaba, Abu al-Qasim Ubaidullah bin Abdullah (died280AH/893AD). Paths and Kingdoms, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1889AD.
Ibn Qutayba, Abu Muhammad Abdullah bin Muslim (died276AH/899AD). Al-Maaref,Investigated by: Dr. Tharwat Okasha, ed.2, w.p, Arab ammunition, series, w.d.
Ibn Sayyidah, Abu Al-Hasan Ali bin Ismail (died458AH/1066AD). The Court and the Greatest Ocean, Investigated by: Abdel Hamid Hindawi, Vol 1, Beirut, Dar Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyya, 1421AH/2000AD.
Ibn Utham al-Kufi, Abu Muhammad Ahmad (died314AH/926AD). Kitab al-Futuh, ed.1, Beirut, Dar al-Nadra al-Jadidah, 1395AH/1975AD.
Lindsay J. Byzantium into Europ, London,1952.
Reda, Ahmed. Dictionary of Language Text, Beirut, Dar Al-Hayat Library, 1377AH/1958AD.
Runciman S. Byzantine Civilization, London,1933.
Sheikh of Rabwah, Shams Al-Din Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Abi Talib Al-Ansari Al-Dimashqi (died739AH/1338AD). The elite of time in the wonders of land and sea, Petersburg, Imperial Academy Press, 1128AH/1856AD.
Sumner B.H. Survey of Russian History, London,1944.
The Baalbaki, Munir. Al-Mawred Encyclopedia, Beirut, Dar Al-Ilm for Millions, 1981AD.
Unknown, (died after372AH/after982AD). The boundaries of the world from the East to the Maghreb, investigation by: Mr. Youssef Al-Hadi, Cairo, Al-Thaqafa Publishing House, 1423AH.
Yaqoot Al-Hamawi, Shihab Al-Din Abu Abdullah Yaqout bin Abdullah Al-Roumi (died626AH/1229AD). Dictionary of Countries, ed. 2, Beirut, Dar Sader, 1995AD.
Zababunitov. The Arab Conquest of Azerbaijan Province, Arabization: Nuri Al-Samarrai, Al-Mirbid, College of Arts of Basra, Issue 2-3, 1389AH/1969AD.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
How to Cite
