Analysis on Thermal Islands Effectors in Ramadi City, Iraq Using Multi-temporal Landsat Images
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i135.983Keywords:
Thermal Islands, Landsat, Spectral Indices, Remote Sensing, GISAbstract
This paper analyzes the effects of urban density, vegetation cover, and water body on thermal islands measured by land surface temperature in Al Anbar province, Iraq using multi-temporal Landsat images. Images from Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI for the years 2000, 2014, and 2018 were collected, pre-processed, and anal yzed. The results suggested that the strongest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the surface temperature. The correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the surface temperature was slightly weaker compared to that of NDBI. However, the weakest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the temperature. The results obtained in this research may help the decision makers to take actions to reduce the effects of thermal islands by looking at the details in the produced maps and the analyzed values of these spectral indices.
Downloads
References
Alexander, P. J., O’Dwyer, B., Brennan, M., Mills, G., & Lynch, P. (2017). Land surface temperature climatology over urban surfaces: A blended approach. In 2017 Joint Urban Remote Sensing Event (JURSE) (pp. 1–4). IEEE. doi:10.1109/JURSE.2017.7924599
Bernardo, N., Watanabe, F., Rodrigues, T., & Alcântara, E. (2017). Atmospheric correction issues for retrieving total suspended matter concentrations in inland waters using OLI/Landsat-8 image. Advances in Space Research, 59(9), 2335–2348. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.02.017
Centre for Geoinformatics & Planetary Studies, Dept. of Geology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India, S., A., C.R., P., & Centre for Geoinformatics & Planetary Studies, Dept. of Geology, Periyar University, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. (2016). Statistical Correlation between Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Vegetation Index (NDVI) using Multi-Temporal Landsat TM Data. International Journal of Advanced Earth Science and Engineering, 5(1), 333–346. doi:10.23953/cloud.ijaese.204
Comarazamy, D. E., Gonzalez, J. E., & Luvall, J. C. (2015). Quantification and mitigation of long-term impacts of urbanization and climate change in the tropical coastal city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies, 10(1), 87–97. doi:10.1093/ijlct/ctt059
He, C., Gao, B., Huang, Q., Ma, Q., & Dou, Y. (2017). Environmental degradation in the urban areas of China: Evidence from multi-source remote sensing data. Remote Sensing of Environment, 193, 65–75. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.02.027
Hilker, T. (2018). Surface reflectance/bidirectional reflectance distribution function. In Comprehensive Remote Sensing (Vol. 3, pp. 2–8). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-409548-9.10347-1
Lavender, S., & Lavender, A. (2015). Practical handbook of remote sensing. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b19044
Morrow, J. G., Huggins, D. R., & Reganold, J. P. (2017). Climate change predicted to negatively influence surface soil organic matter of dryland cropping systems in the inland pacific northwest, USA. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 5. doi:10.3389/fevo.2017.00010
Zhang, M., Bai, L., Wu, Z., & Gong, Y. (2016). Bidirectional reflection distribution function modeling of material surface in different temperature. In 2016 11th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory (ISAPE) (pp. 713–715). IEEE. doi:10.1109/ISAPE.2016.7834056
Zhu, Z., Woodcock, C. E., Holden, C., & Yang, Z. (2015). Generating synthetic Landsat images based on all available Landsat data: Predicting Landsat surface reflectance at any given time. Remote Sensing of Environment, 162, 67–83. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2015.02.009
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.