The stony Nature of the stone tools and new archaeological discovery in the suthern desert nearby Nugrat Al- Salman , Samwa, South west Iraq.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i126.59Keywords:
Stont tools- new discoveries- Nugrat al salman- Al-IraqAbstract
Ancient human in early stages of his life depended on stone (Kottak, 2006). He used some stone made tools to overcome the natural environment and prevention from any possible danger. In addition to provide his daily needs (Mohammed 2005). This use developed and passed many stages of stony ages like the old stony age and the Middle stony age and the modern stony age. He began to use stone in building and in preparing his stony tools like, hummer, grinder, mill and others. Among the most important stones used are the Granite, Basalt, Nice, limestone, sand stone, and Sawan stone. Some stony tools were found in some archaeological sites (Braidwood and Howe, 1972) like Cave Shanidar, Solecki- 1953, Al ani-1986) and Kareem shahr (Howe 1983) and Tel Alnisr , the archaeological, nearby Alrutba city western Iraq (Alzubaidi 2012).
In Egypt, stone was used in building the temples and cemeteries like Granite stone, Limestone, Dolostone, marble, sandstone, gypsum and bazalt (Dollinger 2000). Types of building stones differ from place to another depending on the available stones in the nearby natural environment. (Wahby, 2004).
Limestone is one of the sedimentary stones composed of calcium carbonate and the crystalline system (Hexagonal) and dissolves in dilute Hyloric acid; it has different colors (Dear et al- 1969)
Downloads
References
Baqer, Taha, Muqaddama fee tareekh alhadharat alqadeema (Baghdad 1974), P. 171, 174, 182,191- 195
Aljader, Waleed, Tatawwur Sinaat Al adawat alhjariy fee shimal afrikia, AlAdab magazine, vol 30 (1981), P. 57-59, 62
Aldabbaj, Abdel Ali Abdel Husein Hantoush and Al-Khashab, Shahla Najmiddin Abdullah, 2001, Hydrogeologic and hydrochemical survey of Al-salman area, (Plate NH-83-6) , Standard 1: 250000, State co, for geological survey and mineralization, Baghdad-Iraq
Alzubaidi, Aqeel abbass (2012), Natural stones and their archeological importance at Tel Alnisr in the western Iraqi desrt, Al-Adab magazine, vol: 99, page 523-541
Al-ani, Imad Tareq Twfeeq, The stony industries in Iraq until the end of the modern stony age, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, College of Arts- Archeology Dept, (Baghdad 1986)
Ghassan Taha Yaseen, The early Middle stony age in the near east, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Baghdad University, - Archeology dept. (Baghdad 1976), P.115
Mohammed, Ahmed Kamil, Stony tools and instruments in the stony ages, Hazarmard Magazine, Vol 26, (2005), P.171-186
Al- Kadhimi, J. A. M, Sissakian, V.K., Fattah A. S. and Deikran, D. B., (1996). Tectonic Map of Iraq, scale1: 1000000, 2nd edit. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Al- Mubarak, M. A. and Aminm R. M., (1983). Geological report on the regional geological mapping of the western part of the Southern Desert and the eastern part of the Western Desert. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 1380.
Al-Ani, M. Q. and Maala, Kh. M., (1983). Report on regional geological mapping of south Samawa area. GEOSURV, int. rep. no. 1348.
Bordes ,F. , The Old Stone Ages , trans. By : J.F. Anderson , (Italy : 1973) ,p.32-40 .
Braidwood, R.J. and Howe, B., (1972), Prehistoric Investigation in Iraqi Kurdistan. Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization. No. 13. The University of Chicago Press,184p.
Deer, W. A., Howie, R. A. and Zussman, J., (1966). An Introduction to the Rock Forming Minerals, Longman, pp. 489-493.
Dollinger, A., (2000), Ancient Egyptian resources: Stone, Reshafim, Illinois. http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/timelines/topics/stonework.
Hamza, N. M., (1997). Geomorphological Map of Iraq, scale 1: 1000000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Hassan K.M. Yacoub, S.Y. and Abdul Amir, E. (1996). The Geology of Al- Salman Quadrangle (sheet NH- 38 - 6 scale), scale 1: 250000, int. rep. No. 2404.
Jassim, S. Z. and Goff, J. C. (2006). Geology of Iraq. Published by Dolin, Prague and Moravian Museum, p. 341.
Kottak, C. P. (2006). Anthropology, the Exploration of Human Diversity, 11th ed., McGraw Hill, p.579.
Maala, Kh. A. (2009). Geomorphology, Geology of the Iraqi Southern Desert. Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., Special Issue, No. 2, p. 7- 33.
Oakley ,K.P. , Man the Tool Maker , (London :1952) ,p.57 .
Roux , George , Ancient Iraq , trans. : Hussain Alwan Hussain , (Baghdad : 1984) ,p.71 .
Sissakian, V, K. and Al- Mousawi, H. A., (2007). Karstification and related problem, Example from Iraq. Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., Special Issue, No. 3, p. 1-12.
Sissakian, V, K. and Deikran, D. B., (1998). New tectonic Map of Iraq, scale 1: 1000000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V, K. and Ibrahim, F. A., (2005). Geological Hazard Map of Iraq, scale 1: 1000000. GEOSURV, Baghdad, Iraq.
Sissakian, V, K., Abdul Ahad, I. D. and Hamid, A. T., (2011). Geological Hazards in Iraq, their classification and geographical distribution. Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., vol. 7, No. 1 , p. 1-28.
Sissakian, V, K., Mahmoud, A. A. and Awad, A. M., (2013). Genesis and age determination of Al- Salman Depression. Iraqi Bull. Geol. Min., vol. 9, No.1 , p.1-16.
UNESCO, (2007). Global Geoparks Network: Guidelines and Criteria for National Geoparks Seeking UNESCOs Assistance to Join the Global Geoparks Network, 10P.
Wahby, W. S., (2004). Ancient masonry work in Egypt, China and Rome: A cooperative study. 13th International Brick and Masonry Conference. p.10 .
Weight , H.T. , A Stone on a Palaeolithic Site in the Southern Desert , Sumer , vol.22 (1966) ,p.103 .
Whitehouse , R. Archaeological Atlas of the World , (London :1975) ,p.21 ff.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
How to Cite
