The Renovation of She-Tragedy in Heather Raffo’s Nine Parts of Desire

Authors

  • Basma Abdulhasan Ali University of Baghdad

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i137.1647

Keywords:

Heather Raffo, Nine Parts of Desire, She-tragedy

Abstract

During the 1990’s and the years of siege that followed, Iraqi women suffered from the oppression of the brutal misogynist regimes, and the cruel male-controlled ideals.  Accordingly, through their suffering, these women portrayed the truth of being woman in a horrific atmosphere of war and how these traumatised women managed to survive. In her Nine parts of Desire, Heather Raffo presents the characters of nine different women of different ages and professions linking them to show the dreadful reality of being woman in the times of war. In this play, Raffo renovated the She-tragedy genre. Even though that this genre deals with weak frustrated women who suffer from the effect of the long lack of stability, years of internal violence, external occupation and their cumulative generational effects, yet Raffo’s characters are strong, confident  and have a self-awareness and they stand face to face to the shocking values of war.

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References

Brown, L. (1982, Summer). “Restoration and eighteen century”. Studies in English literature, 1500-1900. 22 (3), 429-443.

Carone, A. & Vavanaugh, M. (2009, October 8). Stories of Iraqi women in mo'olelo's new play "9 parts of desire". https://www.kpbs.org/news/2009/oct/08/stories-iraqi-women-moolelos-new-play-9-parts-desi/.

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Hume, R. D. (1979). The Development of English drama in the late seventeenth century. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Isherwood, Ch. (2004, October 13). "A solitary woman, embodying all of Iraq". The New York Times. http://manhattanensemble.com/9parts/Theater_Review.html .

Lahr, J. (2004, November 1). "The Fury and the jury: Women and men, make themselves heard". The New Yorker. http://manhattanensemble.com/9parts/new_yorker_review.html

Marsden, J.I. (2008). “Tragedy and varieties of serious drama”, in Owen S. J. (Ed.). A Companion to restoration drama, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118663400.ch14

Ozieblo, B. & Hernando-Red, N. ( 2012). Performing gender violence: Plays by contemporary american women dramatists. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Raffo, H. (2003). Nine parts of desire, New York: The Bush Theatre. All references of the play are taken from this edition and will be cited in this paper as (NPD).

Romanska, M. (2010). Trauma and Testimony: Heather Raffo's "9 Parts of Desire". Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics, (30), 211-239. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27929853

Stasio, M. (October, 25, 2004). Nine parts of desire. Review .Variety. 396 (10),56.

Stewart, A. M. (2010). The ravishing Restoration: Aphra Behn, violence and comedy. Selinsgrove, PA: Susquehanna University Press.

Teachout, T. (2005). “Invisible women.” Wall Street Journal. http://www.heatherraffo.com/WallStJournal.html .

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Published

2021-06-15

Issue

Section

English linguistics and literature

How to Cite

The Renovation of She-Tragedy in Heather Raffo’s Nine Parts of Desire. (2021). Al-Adab Journal, 3(137), 41-50. https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i137.1647

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