The Role of Imam Hussein's Ritualistic Islamic Passion Plays in Reflecting the Real and Genuine Meaning of Martyrdom
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1iSpecial%20is.540Keywords:
Islamic passion Plays, Rituals of Muharram, Visual aid, Genuine martyrdom, Deformed MartyrdomAbstract
Islamic passion plays which are called Ta'ziyeh (consolation) or tashabih (simulated) are similar to Christian Passion plays of medieval Europe. Whether, in Islam or Christianity, Passion plays remain as a dramatic source of inspiration, a living way to reflect on the events most central to the faith. The word "martyr," in both the Christian and Islamic traditions, means "witness." In this regard, "martyr" refers to a witness to the faith. Ta'ziyeh is the sole Islamic drama before the mid nineteenth century when western influence came to the Islamic world.
The theater remains a center of spiritual discipline where the spectators may have a chance of searching their souls and realizing the hidden depth below the surface. Islamic passion plays which are considered a theatre of rituals remain a kind of a simple theatre in which actors are common unprofessional simple people who try to reflect the values of Martyrdom and total selflessness stand against Machiavellianism and total selfishness. In our troubled times, with all the deterioration of moral values, people need to be constantly reminded of the existence and saving qualities of our spiritual and religious heritage. The paper sheds light on the role of Imam Hussein's Ritualistic Islamic Passion Plays in Reflecting the Real and Genuine Meaning of Martyrdom that is different from the deformed version of martyrdom
Downloads
References
Badawi, Mohammad Musaafa Modern Arabic Drama in Egypt
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988.
Beeman, William O. " Ta'ziyeh Performance Conventions: A Short Sketch".http://asiasociety.org/arts/performing-arts/theater/taziyeh-performance-conventions-short-sketch. (accessed January 5, 2018).
Berry, Gerald L. Religions of the world. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1956.
Bertma, Stephen Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia. New York: Facts on file Inc., 2003.
Chelkowski, Peter J. "Islam in Modern Drama and Theater" Die Welt des Islams 23, No.24, (Jan. 1984), 45-69. 87 -100. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1570662 (accessed February 2, 2018).
Chelkowski, Peter J. "Time Out of Memory: Ta'ziyeh, the Total Drama," The Drama Review 28, No. 1, (Winter, 2005), 15-27.http://asiasociety.org/arts/performing-arts/theater/time-out-memory-taziyeh-total-drama (accessed Febreuary 5, 2018).
Cody, Gabrielle and Evert H. Sprinchorn, eds. The Columbia Encyclopedia Of Modern Drama. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.
Collier Encyclopedias, 6th. ed.
Fort Alice B. and Kates, Herbert. S. Minute History of the Drama. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1935.
Frazer, James G. The Golden Bough .New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 1998.
Gassner , John and Edward Quinn, eds., The Reader's Encyclopedia Of World Drama. New York: Dover Publication Inc, 2002.
Johnston, Bertha "Hasan and Husain: The Passion Play of Persia—A Contrast," The Open Court: Vol. 1910: No. 8, (Aug.1910), 467 .http://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/ocj/vol iss8/2/.(accessed February 5, 2018).
Petty ,Rebecca Ansary, "Ritual Enactment of Persian Renewal." Theater Journal, 33, No. 3. (Oct., 1981),341-354.http://www.jstor
Riggo, Milla C. " Ta`ziyeh in Exile: Transformations in a Persian Tradition," Comparative Drama. 28, No. 1, (Spring 1994), 115-140.http://connection ebscohost.com/c/articles
Tradition. (Accessed February 5, 2018).
Rossiter, A. P. English Drama from Early Times to Elizabethans. London: Hutchinson and Co Ltd., 1969.
Short, Josephine Helena. Oberammergau and the Passion Play (New York: Kessinger Publishing Co.2005.
Trites, Alison A. The New Testament Concept of Witness .Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.