Metal Tools in Unpublished Cuneiform Texts from Early Dynastic Period
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i135.1217Keywords:
Mesopotamia, copper, trade, potsAbstract
The people in ancient Mesopotamia know many minerals (Metal Tools) , and they also know how to manufacture it and used them . Minerals have entered in many of their businesses and industries , even in the field of producing artworks (artifacts) . Pots and agricultural tools as well as weapons they used in everyday life .
The most important of these metals are : gold , silver , copper , and tin , which some of them entered in the work of bronze bullion (Al-Jader , 1991 , p.225) .
The ancient Mesopotamians struggled to get the materials , they were carrying the tired journeys in order to bring the raw materials from far away counties , among them were Dilmun , Magan , Meluhha , Eygpt and Anatolia (Levy , 1986 , p.19) .
So we did not care about the all kinds of minerals , but we define our works about one type of this metals , which is a copper metal . So the copper regarded the first mineral which known to the people of ancient Mesopotamia , they used it very much in their lives , this had been a major turning point in the history of their civilization (Louis , 2008 , p.112) .
Downloads
References
Borger , R. , Mesopotamisches Zeichen Lexikon , AOAT , vol.305 , (Munster:2004) .
Gelb , I.J. , and Others , The Assyrian Dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago , CAD , E , (Chicago:1958) .
Halloran , J.A. , Sumerian Lexicon , Sum.L , (Los Anglos: 2006) .
Jones , T.B. and Snyder , J.W. , Sumerian Economic Texts from the Third Ur Dynasty , SET , (USA : 1961) .
Labat , R. Manuel D' Epigraphie Akkadienne , MDA , (Paris:1994) .
Louis , R. , Rocks and Mineral , (London:2008) .
Martin Levy , Chemistry and Chemical Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia , translated to Arabic by Mahmood Fayadh Al-Mayahi and Others , (Baghdad:1986) .
Mieroop , M. , The Ancient Mesopotamia City , (Oxford:1977) .
Potts , D.T. , The Civilization of Ancient Mesopotamia the Foundation Materials , translated to Arabic by Kadhum Saad Al-Deen , (Baghdad :2006) .
Waleed Al-Jader , the Industry , Encyclopedia of Al-Mosel Civilization , part 1 , print 1 , (Mosel :1991) .
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
How to Cite
