The Scansion System of Akkadian Poetry
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i124.81Abstract
From the third to the first millennia BCE (c.2400-600 BCE), Akkadian literature developed many different literary genres: hymns, lamentations, prayers to various gods, incantations against a range of sources of evil, love-lyrics, wisdom literature (proverbs, fables, riddles), as well as long epics and myths — roughly 550 different compositions in all. Many of these compositions have not yet been studied in an analytical way. In particular, they have not been studied for scansion in the way that Arab poetry has been. Therefore, in this talk we try to study these texts for the systems of scansion in each verse of poetry. Before we do so, it is necessary to appreciate the difference between meter, rhythm and rhyme. The rhythm of language is infinitely varied. All aspects of language contribute to it: loudness, pitch, duration, pause, syntax, repeated elements, length of phrases, frequency of polysyllabic words. However, we cannot treat scansion of each line as encompassing all the phonetic facts, especially for a dead language such as Akkadian. Meter, by contrast, is an ordering of language by means of an extremely limited subset of its characteristics. If we take it to mean the regular ordering of language by syllabic stress, we can recognize passages which belong to Akkadian poetry, through vital the rhythm of its verses. As for rhyme, we see that each poetic verse ends in one or two phonemes, which may be different from one stanza to another. Alternatively, verses sometimes end in same word. We will use these definitions to present an analysis of scansion in Akkadian poetry.
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( ) بخصوص الدراسات السابقة من قبل بعض المتخصصين بالدراسات المسمارية فقد كان أولهم : الاستاذ طه باقر ، مقدمة في أدب العراق القديم ، دار الحرية للطباعة ، (بغداد:1976) ، ص 54-65 ؛ وكذلك الاستاذ الدكتور : فاضل عبد الواحد علي ، سومر اسطورة وملحمة ، ط 2 ، دار الشؤون الثقافية ، (بغداد:2000) ، ص 82-84 . فقد ذكر بعض المعلومات عن الوزن في الشعر الأكدي ، وهناك دراسة حديثة لأحد الباحثين الذي اعتمد بدراسته على نتائج ما توصل إليه الاستاذ طه باقر وفاضل عبد الواحد ولكن أيضاً لم يتوصل إلى حقيقة التفعيلات الشعرية الأكدية وللمزيد عن هذه الدراسة ينظر : سعيد حسون العنبكي ، أدب العراق القديم خصائصه وملامحه – تأثيره في الشعر الجاهلي – دراسة فنية وموضوعية ، مجلة الآداب ، ملحق العدد 123، (بغداد : 2017) ، ص 421 وكذلك ص 423-424 .
( ) شاكر التميمي ، أوزان الشعر الشعبي في ميزان الفراهيدي – دراسة تحليلية شاملة ومبسطة ، مكتب الرسان للطباعة والنشر ، (بغداد : 2011) ، ص 8 .
( ) الخليل بن أحمد الفراهيدي : وهو الخليل بن احمد بن عمرو بن تميم الفراهيدي الأزدي الحميري ، المكنى أبو عبد الرحمن (100-175 ه / 718-786 م) وقيل أيضاً أنه توفي سنة (791 م) وهو من أئمة اللغة والأدب وواضع علم العروض ، ولد في عمان ومات في مدينة البصرة ، ينظر : عبد الرضا علي ، العروض والقافية – دراسة وتطبيق في شعر الشطرين والشعر الحر ، دار الكتب للطباعة والنشر ، (الموصل : 1989) ، ص 10 .
( ) سامي مهدي ، نظرات جديدة .... ، ص 125 .
( ) فليح كريم الركابي ، من البيت إلى التفعيلية في العروض والقافية ، (بغداد : 2009) ، ص 57 .
( ) شاكر التميمي ، أوزان الشعر ...... ، ص 8 .
( ) عبد الرضا علي ، العروض والقافية ...... ، ص 11 .
( ) شاكر التميمي ، أوزان الشعر ...... ، ص 10 . وكذلك : عبد الرضا علي ، العروض والقافية ..... ، ص 27-29 .
( ) عبد الرضا علي ، العروض والقافية ..... ، ص 16 .
( ) Abdul Karim Taha , " Structural Characteristics of Poetry in English and Arabic " Al-Adab Journal , vol. 5 , (1962) , p. 73-84
( ) Alan Lenzi " Reading Akkadian Prayers and Hymns , An Introduction " (Atlanta : 2011) , p.449 .
( ) Jensen , P. " Texte zur Assyrisch-babylonischen Religion , Kaltische Texte I " (Gottingen : 1956) ,p. 108-118
( ) Ibid. , p.260 .
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