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The Japanese Emperor between the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions
– A Comparative Study
Keywords:
Emperor, Meiji Constitution, 1889 1946 constitution, Constitution, American Occupation Constitution
Abstract
The study of the Japanese Emperor between the 1889 and 1946 constitutions is considered important, as the role of the Emperor has been significantly affected by these two constitutions. This effect is reflected in the Japanese History. This study shows the status of the emperor and his authority under the most notable two constitutions in the history of modern and current Japan. The 1889 Meiji constitution, was formulated and set up to strengthen the authority of the emperor and restore the actual stripped authority to him for more than a millennium. The 1946 constitution was made by allied and American forces, which occupied Japan after the latter lost the Second World War, after it became an imperialistic occupying nation, whose danger was extending on the regional and international fields. This study shows how the vast authorities of the Japanese Emperor were abolished and the Meiji constitution was revoked and replaced by the occupation constitution for 1946.
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References
One: Arabic and Translated Books:
1. (1976). An Invitation to the Japanese Art, first Ed. Japanese Cultural Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
2. A’afayif, Mohammed. (2010). Origins of Modernization in Japan 1568-1868. Center of Arabic Union Studies, Beirut Lebanon.
3. Adaimah, Muhammad (Translator). (2005). Kogiki Chronicle of Ancient Things Japanese Holy Book, 2nd Ed. Dar Al-Takween for Printing, Publishing and Distribution. Damascus. Syria.
4. Al-Badawi, Habib. (2013). Japan's Political History Between the Two World Wars. Arabic Renaissance House. Beirut.
5. Al-Sahmrani, As’ad. (1999). From the Dictionary of Religions: Shinto-Confucianism. 1st Ed. House of Nafa’is. Beirut. Lebanon.
6. Babti, Aziza Fawal (1971). Encyclopedia of Arab, Muslims, and Internationals 1-4. Vol.2 House of Scientific Books, Beirut .Lebanon.
7. Bu Ghannam, Amal Afif. (2010). Reforms of Emperor Meiji in Japan 1868-1912. Progressive House. Lebanon.
8. Bu Nuaman, Salman. (2012). The Japanese Experience Study in the Foundations of the Renaissance Model. 1st Ed. Namaa Research and Studies Center. Beirut. Lebanon.
9. Daher, Massoud. (1999). The Arab Renaissance and the Japanese Renaissance are Similar in Introductions and Different in Results. 1st Ed. World of Knowledge, Kuwait.
10. Daher, Massoud. (2009). History of Modern Japan 1853-1945: Challenge and Response. 1st Ed. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi. The United Arab Emirates.
11. Darwish, Fawzi. (1994). Japan Modern State and the American Role, 3rd Ed., Ghabashi Printing Press. Egypt.
12. Gouri, Ibrahim Helmi. (1997). Pearl of the East and the Land of the Rising Sun Japan. Arab Orient House, Beirut.
13. Hamid, Raouf Abbas. (1996). Japanese society in the Meiji era 1868-1912. Nahdet Al Sharq Library. Cairo.
14. Hatem, Mohamed Abdelkader. (1990). Secrets of Japan’s Progress. Al-Ahram Printing Press. Egypt.
15. Jumaili, Ghanem Alwan Jawad. (2014). Roots of Japan’s Renaissance. Obeikan Publishing. Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.
16. Kato, Hidetoshi. (1999). "Gods of Japan" in: Secrets of the Japanese Miracle. A group of Japanese researchers. Arab House of Sciences, Beirut. Lebanon.
17. Pankayar, K. (1962). Asia and Western Domination. Dar El Maaref, Cairo. Egypt.
18. Raichauer, Edwin. (1989). The Japanese. 1st Ed. Knowledge World. Kuwait.
19. Reisheuer, Edwin Oldfather. (2000). History of Japan from Roots to Hiroshima, Translated by: Yusuf Chalabi, 1st Ed., Dar Aladdin for Distribution, Publishing and Translation, Levant, Syria.
20. Rashad, Abdel Ghaffar. (1984). Traditionalism and Modernity in the Japanese Experiment. 1st Ed. Arab Research Foundation. Beirut. Lebanon.
21. Shishakli, Samar Hamoud (Translator). (2011). Japan, the Soul of the Nation. Ministry of Culture, Syrian State Book Commission. Damascus. Syria.
22. Tedman, Arthur. (1959). Modern Japan. 1st Ed. The Anglo - Egyptian Library. Cairo.
23. Youssef, Nasser. (2010). Dynamics of Japanese experience in Compound Development: A Comparative Study to Algeria and Malaysia. 1st Ed. Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.
Two: Foreign Books:
24. Gordon,Andrew. (2003). A Modern History of Japan From Tokugawa Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. New York.
25. Gulick, Sidney L.. (2005). Evolution Of The Japanese: Social And Psychic. Cosimo. Inc.
26. Holtom, Daniel Clarence. (1965). The Natienal Faith Of Japan: A Study Of Modern Shinto. Routledge. London.
27. Jansen, Marius B.(2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Harvard University Press. London.
28. Ng, Wendy L.. (2002). Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group.
29. Ohles, John F.. (1978). Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. Greenwood Publishing.
30. Wolff, Richard.(2007) The Popular Encyclopedia Of World Religions. Harvest House Publishers. USA.
Three: Foreign Encyclopedias
31. Kodansha,(1983). Encyclopedia of Japan,Vols.1-8, Tokyo .
32. Ohles, John F.. (1978). Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. Greenwood Publishing.
33. Wolff, Richard.(2007) The Popular Encyclopedia Of World Religions. Harvest House Publishers. USA.
Four: Arabic Papers:
34. Hamid, Raoof Abbas. (1975). “The Movement that demanded a constitution in Japan 1878-1890”, Egyptian Historical Magazine: Vol. 22, (P.249-276).
35. Hamid, Raoof Abbas. (1976). “The Cultural Origins for the Modern Japanese Development 1854-1904”, Egyptian Historical Magazine: Vol. 23, (P.237-267).
36. Mitchel, Peter. (2009). “Roots of Modernization Experiment in Japan”. Translated by: Mahmood Abdul-Wahid Mahmood, Studies in History and Archeology Magazine: Issue 10. (P.64-96).
Six: Foreign Research
37. Titus, David A. (1983). “The Meiji Restoration (1868-1889)”, in: Kodansha. Encyclopedia of Japan. Vols.1-8. Vol.2. Tokyo.
38. Webb, Herschel. (1983). “Emperor”, in: Kodansha. Encyclopedia of Japan. Vols.1-8. Vol.2. Tokyo.
39. Seven: Dissertations and Theses:
40. Ali, Afrah Mohammed, (2010), Foreign Policy of Japan Towards USA and Europe in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), An unpublished Master Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
41. Ali, Afrah Mohammed, (2015), Foreign Policy of Japan Towards China and Korea in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), An Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
42. Hussein, Tariq Jassim, (2010), Roots of Modernization in Japan at the late Tokugawa Dynasty era (1853 – 1868), An Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
43. Hussein, Tariq Jassim, (2015), Political, Economic, Social and Intellectual Developments in Japan During National Seclusion Era (1639-1853), An Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
44. Ismail, Ahmed Amir, (2006). “Meiji Restoration in Japan 1868-1912”, An unpublished Master Thesis. College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
1. (1976). An Invitation to the Japanese Art, first Ed. Japanese Cultural Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
2. A’afayif, Mohammed. (2010). Origins of Modernization in Japan 1568-1868. Center of Arabic Union Studies, Beirut Lebanon.
3. Adaimah, Muhammad (Translator). (2005). Kogiki Chronicle of Ancient Things Japanese Holy Book, 2nd Ed. Dar Al-Takween for Printing, Publishing and Distribution. Damascus. Syria.
4. Al-Badawi, Habib. (2013). Japan's Political History Between the Two World Wars. Arabic Renaissance House. Beirut.
5. Al-Sahmrani, As’ad. (1999). From the Dictionary of Religions: Shinto-Confucianism. 1st Ed. House of Nafa’is. Beirut. Lebanon.
6. Babti, Aziza Fawal (1971). Encyclopedia of Arab, Muslims, and Internationals 1-4. Vol.2 House of Scientific Books, Beirut .Lebanon.
7. Bu Ghannam, Amal Afif. (2010). Reforms of Emperor Meiji in Japan 1868-1912. Progressive House. Lebanon.
8. Bu Nuaman, Salman. (2012). The Japanese Experience Study in the Foundations of the Renaissance Model. 1st Ed. Namaa Research and Studies Center. Beirut. Lebanon.
9. Daher, Massoud. (1999). The Arab Renaissance and the Japanese Renaissance are Similar in Introductions and Different in Results. 1st Ed. World of Knowledge, Kuwait.
10. Daher, Massoud. (2009). History of Modern Japan 1853-1945: Challenge and Response. 1st Ed. Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, Abu Dhabi. The United Arab Emirates.
11. Darwish, Fawzi. (1994). Japan Modern State and the American Role, 3rd Ed., Ghabashi Printing Press. Egypt.
12. Gouri, Ibrahim Helmi. (1997). Pearl of the East and the Land of the Rising Sun Japan. Arab Orient House, Beirut.
13. Hamid, Raouf Abbas. (1996). Japanese society in the Meiji era 1868-1912. Nahdet Al Sharq Library. Cairo.
14. Hatem, Mohamed Abdelkader. (1990). Secrets of Japan’s Progress. Al-Ahram Printing Press. Egypt.
15. Jumaili, Ghanem Alwan Jawad. (2014). Roots of Japan’s Renaissance. Obeikan Publishing. Riyadh. Saudi Arabia.
16. Kato, Hidetoshi. (1999). "Gods of Japan" in: Secrets of the Japanese Miracle. A group of Japanese researchers. Arab House of Sciences, Beirut. Lebanon.
17. Pankayar, K. (1962). Asia and Western Domination. Dar El Maaref, Cairo. Egypt.
18. Raichauer, Edwin. (1989). The Japanese. 1st Ed. Knowledge World. Kuwait.
19. Reisheuer, Edwin Oldfather. (2000). History of Japan from Roots to Hiroshima, Translated by: Yusuf Chalabi, 1st Ed., Dar Aladdin for Distribution, Publishing and Translation, Levant, Syria.
20. Rashad, Abdel Ghaffar. (1984). Traditionalism and Modernity in the Japanese Experiment. 1st Ed. Arab Research Foundation. Beirut. Lebanon.
21. Shishakli, Samar Hamoud (Translator). (2011). Japan, the Soul of the Nation. Ministry of Culture, Syrian State Book Commission. Damascus. Syria.
22. Tedman, Arthur. (1959). Modern Japan. 1st Ed. The Anglo - Egyptian Library. Cairo.
23. Youssef, Nasser. (2010). Dynamics of Japanese experience in Compound Development: A Comparative Study to Algeria and Malaysia. 1st Ed. Center for Arab Unity Studies, Beirut.
Two: Foreign Books:
24. Gordon,Andrew. (2003). A Modern History of Japan From Tokugawa Times to the Present. Oxford University Press. New York.
25. Gulick, Sidney L.. (2005). Evolution Of The Japanese: Social And Psychic. Cosimo. Inc.
26. Holtom, Daniel Clarence. (1965). The Natienal Faith Of Japan: A Study Of Modern Shinto. Routledge. London.
27. Jansen, Marius B.(2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Harvard University Press. London.
28. Ng, Wendy L.. (2002). Japanese American Internment During World War II: A History and Reference Guide. Greenwood Publishing Group.
29. Ohles, John F.. (1978). Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. Greenwood Publishing.
30. Wolff, Richard.(2007) The Popular Encyclopedia Of World Religions. Harvest House Publishers. USA.
Three: Foreign Encyclopedias
31. Kodansha,(1983). Encyclopedia of Japan,Vols.1-8, Tokyo .
32. Ohles, John F.. (1978). Biographical Dictionary of American Educators. Greenwood Publishing.
33. Wolff, Richard.(2007) The Popular Encyclopedia Of World Religions. Harvest House Publishers. USA.
Four: Arabic Papers:
34. Hamid, Raoof Abbas. (1975). “The Movement that demanded a constitution in Japan 1878-1890”, Egyptian Historical Magazine: Vol. 22, (P.249-276).
35. Hamid, Raoof Abbas. (1976). “The Cultural Origins for the Modern Japanese Development 1854-1904”, Egyptian Historical Magazine: Vol. 23, (P.237-267).
36. Mitchel, Peter. (2009). “Roots of Modernization Experiment in Japan”. Translated by: Mahmood Abdul-Wahid Mahmood, Studies in History and Archeology Magazine: Issue 10. (P.64-96).
Six: Foreign Research
37. Titus, David A. (1983). “The Meiji Restoration (1868-1889)”, in: Kodansha. Encyclopedia of Japan. Vols.1-8. Vol.2. Tokyo.
38. Webb, Herschel. (1983). “Emperor”, in: Kodansha. Encyclopedia of Japan. Vols.1-8. Vol.2. Tokyo.
39. Seven: Dissertations and Theses:
40. Ali, Afrah Mohammed, (2010), Foreign Policy of Japan Towards USA and Europe in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), An unpublished Master Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
41. Ali, Afrah Mohammed, (2015), Foreign Policy of Japan Towards China and Korea in the Meiji Era (1868-1912), An Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
42. Hussein, Tariq Jassim, (2010), Roots of Modernization in Japan at the late Tokugawa Dynasty era (1853 – 1868), An Unpublished Master Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
43. Hussein, Tariq Jassim, (2015), Political, Economic, Social and Intellectual Developments in Japan During National Seclusion Era (1639-1853), An Unpublished Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Baghdad, College of Arts, Baghdad, Iraq.
44. Ismail, Ahmed Amir, (2006). “Meiji Restoration in Japan 1868-1912”, An unpublished Master Thesis. College of Education (Ibn Rushd), University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.
Published
2019-09-24
How to Cite
محمدأ. (2019). The Japanese Emperor between the 1889 and 1946 Constitutions. Al-Adab Journal (ISSN: 1994473X), (130), 139-170. Retrieved from http://aladabj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/aladabjournal/article/view/625
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