Xenophobia:: Scope and Motivations

Ahmed M. Salih

doi:10.31973/aj.v1i116.475

Xenophobia:

Scope and Motivations

Authors

Ahmed M. Salih University of Tikrit

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i116.475

Keywords:

Xenophobia

Abstract

To treat foreigners nicely or nastily is attributed to traditions and norms of host society because some societies are friendly, others are not. The bad attitudes towards outsiders are expressed in forms of either physical or verbal behaviour. Various motivations encourage native citizens to create images to label non-natives or outsiders. Continuous contact and education can bridge the gap between the two groups. Also, they develop positive and mutual understand that might help them to work for the good of all and live peacefully. It is the responsibility of governments and individuals of society to work hard to dispel fears of foreigners especially in places where violence is expected to happen.

This paper tries to lay an outline (model) for the phenomenon of xenophobia in language so that definition, classification, motivations, and lists of xenophobic expressions are presented. It is hypothesized that certain factors are behind generating hostility and xenophobic expressions in society. Additionally, attitudes can be changed to create an appropriate and suitable environment for society members.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Ahmed M. Salih, University of Tikrit

Assistant Professor Ahmed M. Salih (Ph. D. in sociolinguistics)

References

Abraham, I. (2006) Hijab in an Age of Fear: Security, Secularism, and Human Rights. ARSR 19(2), pp. 169-189.
Allan, K. and Burridge, A. (2006) FORBIDDEN WORDS: TABOO AND THE CENSORING OF LANGUAGE. Cambridge: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ana, O. (2002) Brown Tide Rising: Metaphors of Latinos in Contemporary American Public Discourse. Austin: University of Texas Press.
Aguayo, M. (2009) Representation of Muslim Bodies in The Kingdom: Deconstructing Discourse in Hollywood. Global Media Journal- Canadian edition, Vol. 2 (2), pp. 41-58.
Burridge, A. (2002) BLOOMING ENGLISH. Sydney: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Clarke, J. R. (2003) ROMAN SEX. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. publisher.
Collier, A. (2007) THE HUMBLE LITTLE CONDOM: A HISTORY. New York: Promtheus Books.
Collins Internet Linked Dictionary of Sociology (2000). Glasgow: Harper Collins Publishers.
Crush, J. and Ramachandran, S. (2009) Xenophobia, International Migration and Human Rights. United Nations development Programme: Human Development Reports. Vol. 47.
Denton, R. (2010) Elizabethan Attitudes toward Foreigners: Xenophobia Defined. Una Voce 36, pp. 36-40.
Fekete, L. (2001) The Emergence of Xeno-Racism. Race and Class, 43(2), pp. 23-40.
Gabay, J. J. (2005) GABAY'S COPYWRITERS' COMPENDIUM, THE DEFINITIVE PROFESSIONAL WRITER'S GUIDE. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth Heinemann.
Hughes, G. (2006) AN ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SWEARING: THE SOCIAL HISTORY OF OATHS, PROFANITY, FOUL LANGAUGE, AND ETHNIC SLURS IN ENGLISH SPEAKING WORLD, New York: M. E. Sharpe.
Joseph, J. (2006) Language and Politics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Licata, L. and Klein, O. (2002) Does European Citizenship Breed Xenophobia? European Identification as a Predictor of Intolerance towards Immigrants. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology. 12(5), pp. 328-337.
Kumar, K. (2006) Empire and English Nationalism. Nations and Nationalism, 12(1), pp. 1-13.
Onions, C. T. (1966) The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2004) Oxford: OUP>
Rawson, H. (1981) A Dictionary of Euphemisms and Other Doubletalk. New York: Crown Publisher, Inc.
--------------- (1989) WICKED WORDS: A TREASURY OF CURSES, INSULTS, PUT-DOWNS, AND OTHER FORMERLY UNPRINTABLE TERMS FROM ANGLO-SAXON TIMES TO THE PRESENT. New York: Crown Trade Paperbacks.
Ridouani, D. (2011) The Representation of Arabs and Muslims in Western Media. RUTA 3, pp.
Reza, S. (2011) Representation of Islam and Muslims in Press Coverage. World Journal of Islamic History and Civilization, Vol. 1 (4), pp.234-241.
Schipper, M. (2004) Never Mary a Woman With Big Feet: Woman in Proverbs from Around the World. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.
Schweizer, K. (1997) English Xenophobia in the 18th Century: the Case of Lord Bute. Scottish Tradition, Vol. 22, pp. 6-22.
Shaheen, J. (2000) Hollywood's Muslim Arabs. The Muslim World, Vol. 90, pp. 22-42.
Taras, R. (2009) Europe Old and New: Transnationalism, Belonging, Xenophobia. Maryland: Rowman& Littlefield publishers.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Sociology (2006) Cambridge: CUP.
Turns, D. (2000) Racism and Xenophobia in English Law. Liverpool Law Review, 22, pp. 47-58.
Yakushko, O. (2009) Xenophobia: Understanding the Roots and Consequences of Negative Attitudes toward Immigrants. The Counseling Psychologist 37 (1) pp.36-66.
Zagar, I. (2009) Tolerance as a Silent Presupposition of Xenophobia: Examples of Bad Practice in Intercultural Communication. JOLIE 2(1), pp. 219-241.

Downloads

Published

2019-05-11

Issue

No. 116 (2016): 116 Issue

Section

Other studies

License

Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.

Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).

Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.

Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission

In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.

The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.