An Introduction to the Foreign Trade of Mesopotamia In the Light of Cuneiform Documentation of the Third and Second Millennium BC.
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i120.305Abstract
Ancient Iraq is very well known as an agricultural economic country, especially, the middle and the southern parts of Mesopotamia, which was called “the Land of Sumer and Akkad “, it's a very rich agricultural country. Sumer's economy was based on agriculture, fishing, and cattle and sheep breeding. Lived on the products of the fertile, irrigated soil, and this situation was clearly reflected in the cuneiform texts unearthed from many sites from the third and second millennium BC. And due to the young geological composition of Mesopotamia, the alluvial plain of ancient Sumer lacked so much important raw materials, these of materials were needed by the craftsmen of Sumer and Akkad for the industry, works of art and daily life. These raw material were, deferent kinds of stone, timber, and metal, therefore, the need for these materials led to exchange what the people had from the agricultural production and industrial goods and material produced by the workshops of temple or palace, such as: animal hides, leather manufactures, wool, oil, cereals, dates, textile, wild and domesticated animals,…etc., also what not existing in the country ([i])
Downloads
References
1973 “ Mesopotamian Invisible Exports in the Third Millennium BC. WA, 5: 232-241
1991 Sumer and the Sumerians.
Dercksen, J.G.(ed)
1997 Trade and Finance in Ancient Mesopotamia
Elisabeth, C. L., et. al
1971 “New Archaeological Evidence at Maritime Trade in the
1971 Arabian Gulf During the Late Proto Literate Period”, in East and West 21:21-44.
Forde, N.W.
1063 The Sumerian DAM.KAR.E.NE of the Third Dynasty of Ur,
Foster B.R.
1977 “Commercial Activities in Sargonic Mesopotamia”, in IRAQ
39:31-44.
1984 Umma in Sargonic Period.
1993 “International” Trade at Sargonic Susa”, in AOF 20:59-67
Gelb, I.J.
1970 “ Magan and Meluhha in Early Mesopotamian Sources, RA 64:1-7
Hermann, G.
1968 “Lapis-Lazuli: the Early Phases of its Trade”, IRAQ,30:21-57
Klengel, H.
1979 Handel und Hundler.
Leemans, W.F.
1950 The Old Babylonian Merchant.
1960 Foreign Trade in The Old Babylonian Period.
1968 “Old Babylonian Letters”, in JESHO 11:171-226.
1977 “The Importance of Trade”, in IRAQ 39:1-10.
Luts
Mieroop, M. Van De
1989 “Gifts and Tithes to the Temple in Ur, Festschrift Ake S. Sjoberg,
Moorey, P.R.S.
1994 Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries.
Muhly,J.D.
1973 Copper and Tin: The Distribution of Mineral Resources and
The Nature of the Metals Trade in the Bronze Age.
Nemet-Nejat, K.
1998 Daily Life in Ancient Mesopotamia
Neumann, H.
1993 “Zu den Gescheften des Kaufmanns Ur- Dumuzida aus Umma”. In AOF, 20: 69-71
Oppenheim, A.L.
1954 The Sea-faring Merchants of Ur”, in JAOS 74:6-17.
Postgate, N.
1995 Early Mesopotamia.
Potts, D.T.
1990,1992 The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, vol I. II
1998 Mesopotamia and the East.
1997 Mesopotamian Civilization and the Materials Foundation. Mesopotamia and Elam.
1983 Dilmun: New Studies in the Hostory of Bahrain. BBVO 2
1999 The Archaeology of Elam.
1978 “Towards an Integrated History of Culture Change in the Arabian Gulf Area: Notes on Dilmun, Magan, and the Economy of Ancient Sumer, JOS, 4: 29-49
Sabloff, J.A. (ed)
1975 Ancient Civilization and Trade.
Saggs, H.W.F.
1995 The Babylonians. The Greatness that was Babylonia.
Salonen, A.
1939 Die Wasserfahrzeuge in Babylonien.
Snell, D.C.
1977 The Activities of Some Merchants of Umma”, in IRAQ, 39:45-50.
1979 “A merchant’s Balance Account and Neo-Sumerian Gold” in AOAT 203:195-217.
1982 Ledgers and Prices: Early Mesopotamian Merchants Accounts
Yoffee, N.
1981 Explaining Trade in Ancient Western Asia.
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
How to Cite
