Conditions de vie des Chrétiens sous le règne de l'Empire Ottoman au début du 19ème siècle
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i136.933Keywords:
Mohamed ghazo, Chrétiens d'orient, l'Empire ottoma, conditions de vieAbstract
This research aims to clarify the living conditions of the Christians in the early 19th century during the reign of the Ottoman Empire. The researcher tried to find out if the Eastern Christians were the only community living under hard circumstances and the causes behind that. To answer this question, this study limits itself to the Eastern Christian sects. The study analyzed the political influence of the West as well as the role which the Turkish governors played in these conditions from the point of view of Chateaubriand compared to that of other contemporary travelers to come up with a permanent conclusion. The findings showed that some Turkish governors abused the Eastern Christians for political, financial and religious reasons, where as it is evident that the Muslim people treated them with great respect and respected their freedom to practice their religious rituals.
Downloads
References
Badia, Y. L. D. (1814). Voyage d’Ali Bey El Abassi en Afrique et en Asie pendant les Années 1803, 1804, 1805, 1806 et 1807. t. III, Paris, France. éd. P. Didot l’Aine.
Barthelemy, G. (1992). Image de l’Orient au XIXème siècle. Paris, France. éd. Bertrand-Lacoste.
Bernard, C. La pensée politique de Chateaubriand. Mercure de France. 1er août, microfilm, p., 690-702.
Chateaubriand, F-R. (1946). L’Itinéraire de Paris à Jérusalem et de Jérusalem à Paris. t. I.II.III. Paris, France. Les Belles Lettres.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1807) Quelques détails sur les mœurs des Grecs, des Arabes et des Turcs. "Mercure de France". t. 29. Pp. 197-213. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1946) Note sur la Grèce. Paris. Les Belles Lettres. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1947) Cahier de Chateaubriand. t. I et II. “ Journal de Jérusalem ”. Paris. Gallimard. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1947) Les Mémoires d’Outre-Tombe. t. I-VI. Paris. Gallimard. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1969) Œuvres Romanesques et Voyages "Les Martyrs". T, I et II. Paris. Gallimard. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1978) Essai sur les Révolutions. Paris. Gallimard. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1978) Le Génie du Christianisme. Paris. Gallimard. Imprimé.
Chateaubriand, François-René. (1986) Correspondance Générale. t. V. Paris. Delloy. Imprimé.
Choiseul-Gouffier M.G.F.A. (1782). Voyage pittoresque de la Grèce. t. I et III. Paris, France. Éd. J.J. Blaise libraire.
Croulbois, J. (1901). "la religion de Chateaubriand". Revue d’Histoire et de Littérature religieuse. t. VI. Paris, France. Ed. Macon et Portât Frère. P. 1-12.
Garabed, D. S. (1914). Chateaubriand en Orient. Thèse présentée à la faculté des sciences en Suisse.
Lamartine, A. (1869). Le Voyage en Orient.t. I et II. Paris, France. Éd. Furne.
Lamlouch, C. (1953). Histoire de la Turquie depuis les origines jusqu’à nos jours. Paris, France. Nouvelle édition. Payot.
Madani, S. (1952). L’Administration Ottomane en Syrie au début du 19ème siècle. Thèse. La Sorbonne. Paris, France.
Mercure de France. (1807) t, 29. Août. Imprimé.
Michaud et Poujoulat. (1833). Correspondance de l’Orient. Paris, France. éd. Ducolle.
Nerval, G. de. (1974). Voyage en Orient. t. I, II, III. Paris, France. éd. Didier.
Paccard, A-J. (1913). Etudes sur l’Islam primitive. Paris, France. éd. Alençon et Cahors.
Pocock, R. (1772). Voyage de Richard Pocock. t. I-IV. Paris, France. éd. J.P. Costard.
Poujade, E. (1897). Chrétiens et Turcs. Paris, France. éd. Alphonse Lemerre.
Poujoulat J. J. F. (1841). Histoire de Jérusalem. Paris, France. éd. L.F. Hivert.
Querbeuf, Y- M-M. (1810). Lettres édifiantes et curieuses, écrites par des missions étrangères. t. I. Toulouse, France. Nouvelle édition. Chez Noel-Etienne SENS.
Thévenot, J. (1965). L’Empire du grand Turc. Paris, France. Gallman-Lévy.
Volney, M. C-F. (1959). Voyage en Syrie et en Egypte pendant les annees1783, 1784, et 1785. t. I et II. Paris, France. éd. Mouton et co.
Voltaire. (1963). Essai sur les Mœurs. t. I et II. Paris, France. éd. Classiques Garnier.
Yahia, H. (1986). Les relations économiques et administratives entre l’Empire Ottoman et ses provinces syriennes. t. I et II. Rennes, France. Microfiche.
أبو نهرا، جوزبف. (2013) المسيحيون وهاجس الحرية في العهد العثماني. (Chrétiens et l’obsession de la liberté à l’époque ottomane). مركز الشرق المسيحي للبحوث والمنشورات. جامعة القديس يوسف. Web. 7 sep. 2016.
حجازي، ف (1992). أهل الذمة في بلاد الشام في العصر العباسي والمملوكي. رسالة ماجستير، جامعة اليرموك،
كرياكي، غ. (1806) مذبحة المسيحيين في دمشق عام 1860 (Massacre des Chrétiens à Damas en 1860). web. 20 aout. 2016
مكاريوس، ش. (السنة السابعة). المعارف في سورية، "ثقافة المسيحيين في الاردن". المجلد السابع، الجزء الثاني، السنة السابعة. ص 529-537. web. 5 aout 2016.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright and Licensing:
For all articles published in Al-Adab journal, copyright is retained by the authors. Articles are licensed under an open access Creative Commons CC BY 4.0 license, meaning that anyone may download and read the paper for free. In addition, the article may be reused and quoted provided that the original published version is cited. These conditions allow for maximum use and exposure of the work.
Reproducing Published Material from other Publishers: It is absolutely essential that authors obtain permission to reproduce any published material (figures, schemes, tables or any extract of a text) which does not fall into the public domain, or for which they do not hold the copyright. Permission should be requested by the authors from the copyrightholder (usually the Publisher, please refer to the imprint of the individual publications to identify the copyrightholder).
Permission is required for: Your own works published by other Publishers and for which you did not retain copyright.
Substantial extracts from anyones' works or a series of works.
Use of Tables, Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks if they are unaltered or slightly modified.
Photographs for which you do not hold copyright.
Permission is not required for: Reconstruction of your own table with data already published elsewhere. Please notice that in this case you must cite the source of the data in the form of either "Data from..." or "Adapted from...".
Reasonably short quotes are considered fair use and therefore do not require permission.
Graphs, Charts, Schemes and Artworks that are completely redrawn by the authors and significantly changed beyond recognition do not require permission.
Obtaining Permission
In order to avoid unnecessary delays in the publication process, you should start obtaining permissions as early as possible. If in any doubt about the copyright, apply for permission. Al-Adab Journal cannot publish material from other publications without permission.
The copyright holder may give you instructions on the form of acknowledgement to be followed; otherwise follow the style: "Reproduced with permission from [author], [book/journal title]; published by [publisher], [year].' at the end of the caption of the Table, Figure or Scheme.
How to Cite
