Al–yasari, Hayder khudhair murad, and Abbas Abdul Sattar Abdul Qadir Al-Zahawi. “The Conflict Between the Papacy and the German Empire During the Seventh Century AH Thirteenth Century AD and Its Impact on the Crusader Movement”. Al-Adab Journal, vol. 2, no. 139, Dec. 2021, pp. 173-00, https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v2i139.2620.