Movement in English and Arabic

<jats:p>.</jats:p>

(Determiner Phrase) which hosts the nominal elements headed by the determiner.

Movement
Seen from a generative perspective, movement is in essence a way of expressing the relationship between deep structure (DS) and surface structure (SS), that is, either by deriving SS from DS, or abstracting DS from SS.However, as a term, movement may have a misleading connotation, as long as it could be thought to convey the idea that something actually moves from a place to another.Movement, rather, is something else: it expresses a relationship between a form and another as if things moved.Syntactically, it can be put as follows: "any part of the sentence could move anywhere".Technically, it is to be stated as : Move α where α stands for any category (Cook and Newson, 1996: 189).This is not to say that movements of syntactic elements are arbitrarily unconstrained, but on the contrary, it should be made clear that it is a property of Universal Grammar that only creation elements may be moved, that they may only be moved to certain locations, and that they may not move more than a certain distance, i.e.Move α is tightly constrained (ibid: 190).

A'-movement vs. A-movement
Two general types of movement have been identified in English: i-wh-movement, as in: (2:1) Whom i will they invite ti? ii-Determiner Phrase (DP)-movement, as in (2:2) Louise i will be invited ti.(Haegeman and Guéron, 1999: 211-2) As is clarified by the symbols put adjacent to lexical elements in the examples above, there seems to be some sort of relationship between the elements, and this is totally true, because "movement of an element (α) always leaves a trace, and, in the simple case, forms a chain (α, t) where α, the head of the chain, is the moved element, and t is its trace" (Chomsky and Lasnik, 1993: 522).Accordingly, in both of these two types of movements outlined above, the moved constituent dominates its trace because of a local relation holding between the two (Haegeman and Guéron, 1999: 217).
Now, what is the difference between the two types of movement?To differentiate between them, reference is made to the landing site of the moved constituent and its extracting or launching site.
In DP movement, as in passivization or raising, the landing site is the canonical position of the subject, Specifier of the Auxiliary phrase, [Spec, IP], while that of wh-movement, Specifier of the Complementiser phrase [Spec, CP], is not associated with any particular grammatical function: [Spec, CP] can be occupied by constituents having miscellaneous functions.The position which is assigned a canonical grammatical function is called an A (rgument)-position.In these terms, [Spec, IP] is an A-position, and conversely, [Spec, CP] is an A'-position.To the former comes a constituent triggered by A-movement, but to the latter goes a constituent moved by A'-movement.Thus, the movement which derives passives is A-movement, while that which triggers questions is the A'-movement type (Haegeman and Guéron, 1999: 218).

Wh-movement
Let us commence with the consideration of the example right below: (2:3) Whom i will they invite ti?The example illustrates a specific type of question called a wh-question.It begins with an interrogative constituent, specifically here, whom.The answer to such a question provides information which completes the sentence.For instance, it could be answered by stating the name of a single person, say Louise.This DP will replace the interrogative constituent whom.
In the example above, one argument of the verb invite is realised as the subject they.The second is the constituent whom, the interrogative element which occupies an initial position.But really, it is the internal argument of invite, and consequently it is expected to occupy the object position, i.This is a DS, and can never come to the surface as such for in questions, two conditions have to be satisfied: 1-Preposing the interrogative element before the subject, and 2-The auxiliary is inverted with the subject.
Accordingly, two movements should take place in grammatical questions in English: 1 It also realises the internal argument of invite.To reconcile the peripheral SS position with its VP-internal theta-role, it is proposed that whom starts as the object of invite and then moves to its initial position.The case form of whom offers support for its VP-base position : it has the accusative form of who which is basically assigned by invite.Whom moves leftward, and leaves an empty category in its original position indicated by means of t which encodes the previous position of a moved constituent.As for will, it starts under I and moves to C and also leaves a t (Haegeman and Guéron, 1999: 170-2).
A somehow similar issue is raised by wh-constituents when they are realised as phrases headed by a wh-element, like which film or what languages.Consider: (2:3) What languages i can i you ti speak ti?
In this example, the two movements should occur at once.Also What originates at the base position dominated by V', and then it has to move to [Spec, CP].But what differs is that What should not move alone, rather it should leave accompanied by its complement languages, because if it moved alone, ungrammaticality and inconsistency would result, and more specifically, the Chain Uniformity Principle would be violated.This may explained as follows.
The internal DP dominated by V' is structured as: Diagram IP ti languages The moved constituent and its trace differ in respect to phrase-structure status, and therefore, a non-uniform chain was formed.This non-uniformity leads to the ungrammaticality referred to above (Radford, 1997:130-1).And thus, only if the full phrase moves, grammaticality and uniformity come out, as in: Diagram (ibid) In complementation with wh-questions, a word concerning yes-no questions is of a place here.In the latter, instead of having the two movements involved in the former, only one takes place, i.e. that of SAI in which the auxiliary moves from the I to C (ibid: 106-8).

DP-movement
Under this rubric, topicalisation is scrutinized along with what is called Heavy NP (DP) Shift.These are the opposite to each other, however.

Topicalisation
It is a process whereby a certain sentential element is taken to the front of a sentence for the purpose of making it more prominent than any other element within the same sentence, as in: (2:4) Thee i will i I ti love ti.The lexical element is an instance made prominent by topicalisation.In terms of the present perspective, (2:4) has an object fronted , and made as the Spec of the CP [Spec, CP], as below: Diagram This instance of topicalisation is accompanied by SAI which will give it more prominence, a situation in which two movements occur in assimilation to those in wh-constituent movement (Radford,.

Heavy DP Shift
The Heavy DP Shift (HDPS) process is but on the contrary of topicalisation.It involves the taking to the right a DP, the direct object (DO) in specific.The canonical position of the DO in English is, as has been explained above, the position directly dominated by V', i.e. [DP,V'], and in basis it is inseparable from the V when it is light, i.e. realised by a pronominal or a single lexical item: (2:5) You should read the notes with the greatest attention.
(2:6) You should read it with the greatest attention.Separability of the two yields ungrammaticality: (2:7) *You should read with the greatest attention the notes.
(2:8) *You should read with the greatest attention it.Unusually the separation of the DO from the verb is legally grammatical when it is realised as "heavy", i.e. composed of a complex DP, just like: ( The movement of HDPS is of the A'-type for the simple reason that the landing site is specified for the caseless items in which they occur.Also, HDPS might license double movement: (2:10) You should read ti before filling ec i with the utmost care [DP all the instructions concerning the functioning of the system].(Haegeman and Guéron, 1999: 222-3)

Movement in Arabic
Movement in Arabic can be tackled within the realm of ‫تدي‬ ‫الىقت‬ ‫الىتتيري‬ where elements are either pre-posed or post-posed.Whether this or that, movement can be triggered on either optional or obligatory bases.Such a view is asserted by ‫تان‬ ‫جت‬ ‫الج‬ ‫:ت(‬ 471 ‫هت‬ / 1978:83-4) who maintains that ‫الىقدي‬ is of two types: 1-‫الىيري‬ ‫نية‬ ‫ىلج‬ ٌ ‫ىقدي‬ (Pre-posing as post-posing) This process involves the movement of a certain sentential constituent when having no effect of whatsoever sort on the others within the same sentence, as in: (2:11) ٌ ‫ىم‬ ‫ا‬ ‫زيد‬ ‫ب‬ ‫ض‬ where ‫ب‬ ‫ل‬ ‫المفع‬ ‫ه‬ remains as such, and ‫الفاىل‬ keeps so also.2-‫الىيري‬ ‫نية‬ ‫ىلج‬ ‫ال‬ ٌ ‫ىقدي‬ (Pre-posing as pre-posing) Under this comes the intention of having a meaningful permutation in the sentential constituents.For instance, in a subject-predicate sentence, the relationship between the two elements concerned sometimes changes by making once the first a subject and the second a predicate, and in the second time, the second element a subject while the first a predicate.Consider: (2:12) ‫المنحلق‬ ٌ ‫,زيد‬ and (2:13) ‫المنحلق‬ ٌ ‫زيد‬ In the second type of movement ( ‫الىيري‬ ‫نية‬ ‫ىلج‬ ‫ال‬ ‫,)ىقدي‬ looking at sentence constituents is not made haphazardly, rather, on the basis of purposeful intention, and consequently, the topic is changed and the overall meaning is too (ibid).
To suffice the needs of the present study, ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ and ‫ت‬ ‫‪will‬الربت‬ be scrutinized as well as their being involved in whmovement in questions, while ‫تال‬ ‫الحت‬ will be excluded since it reflects a highly complicated syntactic treatment which needs ample time and space.

DP-movement
Within the discussion of this heading, two types of ‫أ‬ s will be involved: ‫به‬ ‫ل‬ ‫المفع‬ and ‫.الرب‬ 2.2.1.1 ‫المفعو‬ ‫به‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ originates as the second nominal element ( ‫أ‬ 2 ) after ‫تل‬ ‫الفاىت‬ which is realised as ( ‫أ‬ 1 ) under the second part ‫أ(‬ )in addition to the first, which is ‫ف‬ of which the verbal sentence is composed and stated as ‫س‬ .This is shown in the diagram for the following traditional instance: ( This diagram shows the ordinary linear realisation of elements in the Arabic verbal sentence.However, there are instances in which some certain sentential elements are pre-posed for a substantial change of meaning and initiated by outstanding syntactic reasons. This, as the one before it, represents obviously why ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ has been pre-posed ahead of ‫تل‬ ‫‪.In‬الفاىت‬ example (2:16), it is because ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫المفع‬ is realised as an attached pronoun, and in (2:17) because ‫الف‬ ‫تل‬ ‫اىت‬ has an attached pronoun referring back to the object.In the latter, the antecedent has a local relation with its anaphoric pronoun.Moreover, in both cases, ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ has been bound to its ‫أث‬ by the same type of local relation of c-commanding.
In general, the realisation of ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ as ‫أ‬ 2 is done on a purpose: it usually comes as second in the sentence, and further to say it has been made to come to the front for a purpose, too.
The moved elements of ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ all have left their places on the left and targeted the right in an A'-movement type.It is A'movement, for there is no object position just after the verb where the place is specified for ‫.الفاىل‬In addition to this, ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ has to be pre-posed in front of both, ‫الفعل‬ and ‫الفاىل‬ as follows: 1-Where As regards the type of movement involved, it is an A'movement targeting an A'-position for the simple reason that there is no base position for the object before both of ‫تل‬ ‫الفعت‬ and ‫تل‬ ‫.الفاىت‬This is because the position concerned is not associated with any specific type of grammatical function.

‫الخبر‬
Reasons behind the obligatory pre-posing of ‫ت‬ ‫الربت‬ agree in orientation with those that urged the same movement of ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫.المفعت‬In all, ‫ت‬ ‫الربت‬ is usually realised as the second nominal element ( ‫أ‬ 2 ) after ‫تدأ‬ ‫المبىت‬ which is the first ( ‫أ‬ 1 ) in the nominal sentence.These two in company make the basic constituents thereof.
As for the present concern, it could be said that the predicate should be pre-posed when: This diagram configures the process adopted in pre-posing ‫ت‬ ‫.الربت‬It shows how it left its base position to the left and took the step forward to the right as an outstanding topic.The same as this mechanism is adopted by the other forms of ‫الرب‬ to be fronted.
Too, here, the movement in process is an A'-movement, and targeting also an A'-position.And what is more is that a close look at the diagram will show that the pre-posed constituent dominates its ‫أث‬ which was left behind.Between the two exists a local relation by being bound to each other in terms of ccommanding, i.e. the antecedent ‫ىادل‬ ‫ما‬ c-commands its ‫.أث‬

Wh-movement
In the previous categories of DP movement discussed right above, two instances of wh-moved constituents were encountered.The first was when ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ might be realised as an expression that should come initial, and the second was when ‫ت‬ ‫الربت‬ had to be so realised too.
In both cases, nothing change: ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ takes the front to be the Specifier ( ‫ت‬ ‫)بت‬ of the entire proposition, and will leave behind a position holder for itself realised as ‫أث‬ .Moreover, the two are related to each other by the local relation of c-commanding: then antecedent ‫به(‬ ‫ل‬ ‫)المفع‬ c-commands its trace ‫.)أث(‬ ‫ت‬ ‫الربت‬ will behave as though it were an ordinary lexical constituent.It leaves ‫أث‬ , and this will be c-commanded by the fronted ‫رب‬ realised as the ‫ب‬ of the whole clause.
[2:3] Structure of DP headed by a wh-element Vwhat moved to C, we would have: Diagram [2:4](a) Structure of CP and (b)DP headed by a whelement [2:5]: Movement of the phrase with its wh-head element 2:9) You should read with the greatest attention [ DP all the Instructions which you receive in the course of the day].This last instance may be diagrammed as: Diagram [2:7]: The process of HDPS These examples show another aspect in pre-posing ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ in that is involved in a process where by the heavy amount of meaning carried by ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ is loaded from behind and then expelled to the front.Consider for instance the syntactic representation of the examples (except for the example (2:18)) ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ in the above examples.They have moved and of course left ‫‪s‬أث‬ behind them to specify the original base positions in which they occur at default.The specifier ( ‫ت‬ ‫)بت‬ of the whole proposition, in all the instances, ccommands its trace ‫)أث(‬ by being bound by a local relation and being realised in the same domain.This is exactly what happens in the cases whether ‫ته‬ ‫بت‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ت‬ ‫المفعت‬ is a separate pronominal (2:19) or a conditional noun (2:21), or it comes after the operator which is preceded by ‫الجزاا‬ ‫فاا‬ (2:20).