.jpg)
Harvest works in Ancient Mesopotamia
Abstract
Human depended on his body strength in hunting and collecting wild plants during the stony ages, he also settled in open areas and close to water springs. He began to cultivate some plants in order to fill his needs in addition to collection of wild crops. He cultivated all plants that were of benefit to him. Excavations revealed stony tools indicating that human has already learned cultivation. Amongst these tools were billhooks that were found in some of the Middle Stony Age locations like Zarzi cave and Zawa Jammi location. Charred grains were not found in the latter location. It is well known that billhooks are used for harvest. The question here is why billhooks were used at a time when agriculture was not yet discovered. The answer, as mentioned by Dr. Taha Baqer, is that the billhooks were used to harvest wild grains and some other plants. From this it is concluded that the harvest process was known by human before starting cultivation, when he was fed on wild plants mainly.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
1- Taqi Al dabbagh "Agriculture and civilzation", Aliraq fee mawkib alhadhara, part1, 1988, page 27.
2- Adel Abdullah Alsheikh, The start of agriculture and the first villages in Iraq, unpublished MS thesis, Baghdad University, page 33
3- Prehistoric human lived in form of groups as displayed by excavation done on Shanider cave, northern Iraq. For more see : Sa'di Alruwaishdi, Caves in the far east , Sumer, Volume: 25,1969, Part 1-2, page 258 and after.
4- Sa'di Alruwaishdi, "A View at achievements of prehistoric human in the light of modern studies", Sumer, p. 274-276
5- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agriculture and civilization", 1988, page: 114
6- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agriculture in pre historic ages", Mawsouat almousil alhadhariya, Part1, Mousil, 1991, p. 160
7- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agricultural revolution and the 1st villages" , mawsooat hadharat al iraq, part 1, baghdad, 1985, p.113
8- Taha Baqer, Introdution to the history of ancient civilizations, survey and verification by group of researchers, Baghdad, 2011, p.188-189
9- Sabah abboud aljasem, Transition from food collection to food production in Iraq and sout west Asia, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1975, p.19
10- Kareem Aziz hasan alduleimi, Agriculture in ancient Iraq, PHD thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1996, p. 10
11- Fadhel Abdel wahid Ali, "The shepherd and the farmer in the Sumerian Leiterature", Bein alnahrain Magazine, Issue 82, Baghdad, 1980, p.359
12- Taha Baqer, The Introduction….., 2011, previous reference, p.200-201
13- Milenda, A. Zeder, "The origins of agriculture in the near east, current anthropology, volume 52, Chicago, journals, 2011, New york, p.230.
14- Taqi Al dabbagh, 1985, the previous reference, p. 124
15- Stephan K. Kozlowski, Andrzej Kempisty, " A preliminary report on the 3rd season/ 1987 of Polish excavation at Nemirik 9/ Saddam Dam Salvage project", Sumer , vol. XLVI, No. 1-2, 1989- 1990, page 24.
16- Alan Mak Adam, "Preliminary report on excavations on Qermezdora", Sumer, Vol 64, 1986, p. 303
17- Akram Mohammed abid Kassar, "Aspects of social and economic life in ancient Iraq", Sumer, Volume: 45, p 244
18- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., the same reference, p. 197
19- Sa'di Alruwaishdi, 1970, page 387
20- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., p 198
21- Taqi Aldabbagh, 1991, P 58
22- The same reference, P. 162-163
23- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., P.210
24- Akram Mohammed abid Kassar, "Aspects of social life", P.246-248
25- Kareem Aiz Alduleimi, 1996, P. 139
26- Redha Jawad Alhashimi, "History of Irrigation in old Iraq", Sumer, Volume: 39, 1983, Part1-2, P.62-63
27- Kareem Aiz hasan Alduleimi, the same reference, P. 16
28- Redha Jawad Alhashimi, "History of Irrigation in old Iraq", the same reference, P.62
29- Ismaeel Husein Hijara, "Remarks on the social and economic conditions in Shahrazoor", Sumer, Volume: 44, 1985-1986, Part1-2, P. 9
30- Labat, P, 169
31- CAD, E, P.16
32- CDA, P.81,
33- Hallora, John, A. Sumarian Lexicon, Los Angeles, 2006,P. 183
34- Kareem Aiz Alduleimi, the same reference, P.76
35- Maeda, T., "The agriculture festivals in Sumer", ASJ, Vol 1, 1979, p. 20
36- Labat, P., 169
37- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the same reference, P.180
38- Samuel, Noah, Graimer, The sumerians, translation: Faisal Al waeli, Kuwait, 1973, P.494
39- Jaine Potru, and others, the near east the early civilization, translation: Amer Sulaiman, University of Mousil, P.86
40- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the same reference, page 365
41- Kareem Aziz Hasan Alduleimi, the same reference, P. 56
42- Ali Mohammed Mehdi, Therole of temple in the Iraqi society, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University 1975, the same reference, P. 188
43- Ikhlas Murtadha hasan, 1977, the same reference, P. 211
44- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the saprevious reference, P. 365
45- Kareem Aziz Hasan Alduleimi, 1996, the previous reference, P. 29
46- Teo minif, "The state's economy in old Sumer", The ancient Iraq, Translation Saleem taha Altikriti, baghdad, 1976, P.100
47- Zuhair Naseer yass, "Pricing System in ancient Iraq", Afaq Arabiya Magazine, 1984, P.60
48- Teo Minif, 1976, the previous reference, Page 101
49- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.57
50- Samuel, Noah, Graimer, 1973, the previous reference, P.103
51- Raghad Abdel Qader abbass Mohammed, Alasr Al akadi, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1996, P. 33-34
52- Teo Minif, 1976, the previous reference, Page 102
53- Ornamu, the meaning of the name is "The God Ornamu Loyal", appointed by King Otohikal as Military Commander of UR, but he soon revolted against the King Otohikal and founded the 3rd generation of UR. This king was known of architectural works like Zakkurat UR. He stayed in power (1094-2111BC). See Fawzi Rasheed Abi Seen, Almawsooa al thahabiya,, vol 3, baghdad, 1990 P. 11-12
54- Nadia Ali Akbar Murad, Derasat Nusoos mismariya ghair mannshoura min Sulalat UR al thaltha from the city of UR,
MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 2007, P. 13
55- Nawala Ahmed amutawalli, 2007, the previous reference
56- Sumerian Lexicon, P. 97
57- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.58
58- Sumerian Lexicon, P. 114
59- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.59
60- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.63
61- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the previous reference, P.366
62- Imad Tareq Tawfeeq Al Ani, the previous reference, P.231
63- Tareq Al Azzawi, Alfikr wal tareekh al iqtisadi, Baghdad 1975, P. 19
64- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, P.64
65- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P. 69-70
66- Munther Ali Qasem Altaee, Prices and wages in ancient babelonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, Mousil University, 20074, P. 125
67- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.71
68- Kareem Azeez Hassan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P. 73
69- Minshed Mutlaq Minshed, Nussos mismariya ghair manshoura min al asr albabili al qadeem, Diyal region, Tel Harmal, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1997, P. 28
70- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Al juboori, Loan contracts and Interest system in ancient babylonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2003, P. 54
71- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Khalaf Al- juboori, the previous reference, P. 61
72- Ahmed Majeed Hameed, Nussos mismariya min al asr albabili al qadeem in the Iraqi Museum (Tel Alseebl Sadd Himreen Valley) , PHD thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, Text No. 61
73- CDA, P. 345/a
74- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Khalaf Al- juboori, the previous reference, P. 61
75- Saad Salman Fahad, Nussos mismariya min al asr albabili al qadeem, Diyal region, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1976, Texts 17-23
76- Abdel Sattar ahmed Husein Al juboori, Loan contracts and Interest system in ancient babylonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2003, P. 64-64
77- Reyadh Ibrahim Mohammed ahmed Aljuboori, Nussos mismariya ghair Manshoura min al asr al Ashouri al hadeeth- Madinat Ashur, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2004, P. 162
78- Akram Mohammed Abid Kassar, Aspects of social life, P.250
79- Taha Baqer, Min al aayad alshaabiya fee al iraq alqadeem, Al-Turath alshaabi magazine, vol 4, Baghdad, 1970. P. 137
80- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference , P. 186
81- Media, 1979, OP. cit-P. 23
82- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference, P. 186
83- Media, 1979, OP.cit- P.25
84- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference , P. 187
85- Rajiha Khidhr Abbass AlNoaimi, Al aayad fee htharat wadi Alrafidain. MS thesis, unpublished, Bghdad University, 1976, P. 61
86- Shaiban Thabit Alrawim the previous reference, P. 56.
2- Adel Abdullah Alsheikh, The start of agriculture and the first villages in Iraq, unpublished MS thesis, Baghdad University, page 33
3- Prehistoric human lived in form of groups as displayed by excavation done on Shanider cave, northern Iraq. For more see : Sa'di Alruwaishdi, Caves in the far east , Sumer, Volume: 25,1969, Part 1-2, page 258 and after.
4- Sa'di Alruwaishdi, "A View at achievements of prehistoric human in the light of modern studies", Sumer, p. 274-276
5- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agriculture and civilization", 1988, page: 114
6- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agriculture in pre historic ages", Mawsouat almousil alhadhariya, Part1, Mousil, 1991, p. 160
7- Taqi Aldabbagh, "Agricultural revolution and the 1st villages" , mawsooat hadharat al iraq, part 1, baghdad, 1985, p.113
8- Taha Baqer, Introdution to the history of ancient civilizations, survey and verification by group of researchers, Baghdad, 2011, p.188-189
9- Sabah abboud aljasem, Transition from food collection to food production in Iraq and sout west Asia, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1975, p.19
10- Kareem Aziz hasan alduleimi, Agriculture in ancient Iraq, PHD thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1996, p. 10
11- Fadhel Abdel wahid Ali, "The shepherd and the farmer in the Sumerian Leiterature", Bein alnahrain Magazine, Issue 82, Baghdad, 1980, p.359
12- Taha Baqer, The Introduction….., 2011, previous reference, p.200-201
13- Milenda, A. Zeder, "The origins of agriculture in the near east, current anthropology, volume 52, Chicago, journals, 2011, New york, p.230.
14- Taqi Al dabbagh, 1985, the previous reference, p. 124
15- Stephan K. Kozlowski, Andrzej Kempisty, " A preliminary report on the 3rd season/ 1987 of Polish excavation at Nemirik 9/ Saddam Dam Salvage project", Sumer , vol. XLVI, No. 1-2, 1989- 1990, page 24.
16- Alan Mak Adam, "Preliminary report on excavations on Qermezdora", Sumer, Vol 64, 1986, p. 303
17- Akram Mohammed abid Kassar, "Aspects of social and economic life in ancient Iraq", Sumer, Volume: 45, p 244
18- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., the same reference, p. 197
19- Sa'di Alruwaishdi, 1970, page 387
20- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., p 198
21- Taqi Aldabbagh, 1991, P 58
22- The same reference, P. 162-163
23- Taha Baqer, The intordution ….., P.210
24- Akram Mohammed abid Kassar, "Aspects of social life", P.246-248
25- Kareem Aiz Alduleimi, 1996, P. 139
26- Redha Jawad Alhashimi, "History of Irrigation in old Iraq", Sumer, Volume: 39, 1983, Part1-2, P.62-63
27- Kareem Aiz hasan Alduleimi, the same reference, P. 16
28- Redha Jawad Alhashimi, "History of Irrigation in old Iraq", the same reference, P.62
29- Ismaeel Husein Hijara, "Remarks on the social and economic conditions in Shahrazoor", Sumer, Volume: 44, 1985-1986, Part1-2, P. 9
30- Labat, P, 169
31- CAD, E, P.16
32- CDA, P.81,
33- Hallora, John, A. Sumarian Lexicon, Los Angeles, 2006,P. 183
34- Kareem Aiz Alduleimi, the same reference, P.76
35- Maeda, T., "The agriculture festivals in Sumer", ASJ, Vol 1, 1979, p. 20
36- Labat, P., 169
37- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the same reference, P.180
38- Samuel, Noah, Graimer, The sumerians, translation: Faisal Al waeli, Kuwait, 1973, P.494
39- Jaine Potru, and others, the near east the early civilization, translation: Amer Sulaiman, University of Mousil, P.86
40- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the same reference, page 365
41- Kareem Aziz Hasan Alduleimi, the same reference, P. 56
42- Ali Mohammed Mehdi, Therole of temple in the Iraqi society, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University 1975, the same reference, P. 188
43- Ikhlas Murtadha hasan, 1977, the same reference, P. 211
44- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the saprevious reference, P. 365
45- Kareem Aziz Hasan Alduleimi, 1996, the previous reference, P. 29
46- Teo minif, "The state's economy in old Sumer", The ancient Iraq, Translation Saleem taha Altikriti, baghdad, 1976, P.100
47- Zuhair Naseer yass, "Pricing System in ancient Iraq", Afaq Arabiya Magazine, 1984, P.60
48- Teo Minif, 1976, the previous reference, Page 101
49- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.57
50- Samuel, Noah, Graimer, 1973, the previous reference, P.103
51- Raghad Abdel Qader abbass Mohammed, Alasr Al akadi, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1996, P. 33-34
52- Teo Minif, 1976, the previous reference, Page 102
53- Ornamu, the meaning of the name is "The God Ornamu Loyal", appointed by King Otohikal as Military Commander of UR, but he soon revolted against the King Otohikal and founded the 3rd generation of UR. This king was known of architectural works like Zakkurat UR. He stayed in power (1094-2111BC). See Fawzi Rasheed Abi Seen, Almawsooa al thahabiya,, vol 3, baghdad, 1990 P. 11-12
54- Nadia Ali Akbar Murad, Derasat Nusoos mismariya ghair mannshoura min Sulalat UR al thaltha from the city of UR,
MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 2007, P. 13
55- Nawala Ahmed amutawalli, 2007, the previous reference
56- Sumerian Lexicon, P. 97
57- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.58
58- Sumerian Lexicon, P. 114
59- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.59
60- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.63
61- Amer Suleiman, 1988, the previous reference, P.366
62- Imad Tareq Tawfeeq Al Ani, the previous reference, P.231
63- Tareq Al Azzawi, Alfikr wal tareekh al iqtisadi, Baghdad 1975, P. 19
64- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, P.64
65- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P. 69-70
66- Munther Ali Qasem Altaee, Prices and wages in ancient babelonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, Mousil University, 20074, P. 125
67- Kareem Azeez Hasan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P.71
68- Kareem Azeez Hassan Alduleimi, the previous reference, P. 73
69- Minshed Mutlaq Minshed, Nussos mismariya ghair manshoura min al asr albabili al qadeem, Diyal region, Tel Harmal, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1997, P. 28
70- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Al juboori, Loan contracts and Interest system in ancient babylonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2003, P. 54
71- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Khalaf Al- juboori, the previous reference, P. 61
72- Ahmed Majeed Hameed, Nussos mismariya min al asr albabili al qadeem in the Iraqi Museum (Tel Alseebl Sadd Himreen Valley) , PHD thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, Text No. 61
73- CDA, P. 345/a
74- Abdel Sattar Ahmed Husein Khalaf Al- juboori, the previous reference, P. 61
75- Saad Salman Fahad, Nussos mismariya min al asr albabili al qadeem, Diyal region, MS thesis, unpublished, Baghdad University, 1976, Texts 17-23
76- Abdel Sattar ahmed Husein Al juboori, Loan contracts and Interest system in ancient babylonian age, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2003, P. 64-64
77- Reyadh Ibrahim Mohammed ahmed Aljuboori, Nussos mismariya ghair Manshoura min al asr al Ashouri al hadeeth- Madinat Ashur, MS thesis, unpublished, College of Arts, Mousil University, 2004, P. 162
78- Akram Mohammed Abid Kassar, Aspects of social life, P.250
79- Taha Baqer, Min al aayad alshaabiya fee al iraq alqadeem, Al-Turath alshaabi magazine, vol 4, Baghdad, 1970. P. 137
80- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference , P. 186
81- Media, 1979, OP. cit-P. 23
82- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference, P. 186
83- Media, 1979, OP.cit- P.25
84- Nawala Ahmed almutawalli, 2007, the previous reference , P. 187
85- Rajiha Khidhr Abbass AlNoaimi, Al aayad fee htharat wadi Alrafidain. MS thesis, unpublished, Bghdad University, 1976, P. 61
86- Shaiban Thabit Alrawim the previous reference, P. 56.
Published
2018-09-15
How to Cite
Hammoudi, H. (2018). Harvest works in Ancient Mesopotamia. Al-Adab Journal (ISSN: 1994473X), 1(126), 149-163. https://doi.org/10.31973/aj.v1i126.58
Issue
Section
Articles
All copyrights are reserved for the AL-Adab Journal. It is prohibited to print, copy, translate or re compose the journal whether completely or partly. Recording on cassettes, saving to computer or programming on optical discs are also prohibited without a written consent of the publisher, otherwise legal prosecution will take place by the Iraqi judicature.
Editor in chief
